Editing Kolkata (section)

== History ==
{{Main|History of Kolkata}}
[[File:Fort William, Calcutta, 1735.jpg|thumb|left|Ships of the [[British East India Company]] near [[Fort William, India|Fort William]] in the [[Port of Calcutta]] in 1735]]
The discovery and [[archaeological]] study of [[Chandraketugarh]], {{cvt|35|km}} north of Kolkata, provide evidence that the region in which the city stands has been inhabited for over two millennia.<ref>{{cite book |title=A history of ancient and early medieval India: from the Stone Age to the 12th century |last=Singh |first=Upinder |author-link=Upinder Singh |year=2008 |publisher=[[Pearson Education]] |location=New Delhi |isbn=978-81-317-1677-9 |pages=642–43 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GW5Gx0HSXKUC&pg=PA395 |access-date=25 January 2012 }}</ref><ref name="Das">{{cite news |last=Das |first=S. |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1030115/asp/frontpage/story_1575128.asp |title=Pre-Raj crown on Clive House: abode of historical riches to be museum |work=[[The Telegraph (Calcutta)|The Telegraph]] |location=Kolkata |date=15 January 2003 |access-date=26 April 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930061030/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1030115/asp/frontpage/story_1575128.asp |archive-date=30 September 2007 }}</ref> Kolkata or Kalikata in its earliest mentions, is described to be a village surrounded with jungle on the bank of river Ganga as a renowned port, commercial hub and a Hindu pilgrimage site for [[Kalighat Kali Temple|Kalighat Temple]]. The first mention of the Kalikata village was found in [[Bipradas Pipilai]]'s ''Manasa Vijay'' (1495), where he describes how [[Chand Sadagar]] used to stop in Kalighat to worship [[Kali|Goddess Kali]] during his path to trade voyage.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Basu |first=Kunal K. |date=2023-06-29 |title=Adi Ganga: চাঁদ সওদাগর থেকে জীবনানন্দ...আদি গঙ্গার অজানা কাহিনি |url=https://eisamaygold.com/vacation/historical-journey-of-adiganga-from-chand-sadagar-to-jibanananda-das/1688027748227 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241222020917/https://eisamaygold.com/vacation/historical-journey-of-adiganga-from-chand-sadagar-to-jibanananda-das/1688027748227 |url-status=dead |archive-date=22 December 2024 |access-date=2024-04-04 |website=Eisamay Gold |language=bn }}</ref><ref name=": Radharaman">{{Cite book |last=Mitra |first=Radharaman |script-title=bn:কলকাতা বিচিত্রা |year=1991 |language=bn }}</ref> Later Kalikata was also found to be mentioned in [[Mukundaram Chakrabarti]]'s ''[[Chandimangal]]'' (1594), [[Todar Mal]]'s taxation-list in 1596 and Krishnaram Das's ''Kalikamangal'' (1676–77).<ref name=": Radharaman"/><ref>{{Cite web |last=Biswas |first=Antara |date=2021-08-28 |title=আজও নানা রহস্যে ঘেরা জব চার্নকের আগের কলকাতার ইত |url=https://dailynewsreel.in/history-of-kolkata-before-job-charnock/ |access-date=2024-04-04 |website=Daily News Reel |language=en-US |archive-date=4 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240404182217/https://dailynewsreel.in/history-of-kolkata-before-job-charnock/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Kalighat was then considered a safe place for businessmen. They used to carry on trade through the Bhagirathi and took shelter there at night.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Bhaumik |first=Sudarshana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bKh4EAAAQBAJ |title=The Changing World of Caste and Hierarchy in Bengal: Depiction from the Mangalkavyas c. 1700–1931 |date=2022-08-26 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-1-000-64143-1 |pages=92–93 |language=en |access-date=25 April 2024 |archive-date=21 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230521063749/https://books.google.com/books?id=bKh4EAAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}</ref> Kolkata's [[recorded history]] began in 1690 with the arrival of the English [[East India Company]], which was consolidating its trade business in Bengal. [[Job Charnock]] is often regarded as the founder of the city;<ref>{{cite book |last=Nair |first=P. Thankappan |author-link=P. Thankappan Nair |year=1977 |chapter=A Portrait of Job Charnock |title=Job Charnock: The Founder of Calcutta: In Facts and Fiction: An Anthology |location=Calcutta |publisher=Engineering Times Publications |pages=16–17 |oclc=4497022 |quote=There are no two opinions that Calcutta is not the product of the vision of Job Charnock ... Charnock alone founded Calcutta. }}</ref> however, in response to a public petition,<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/3034419.stm |title=Court changes Calcutta's history |date=16 May 2003 |access-date=25 July 2016 |work=BBC News |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306211159/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/3034419.stm |archive-date=6 March 2016 }}</ref> the [[Calcutta High Court]] ruled in 2003 that the city does not have a founder.<ref name="notcharnock">{{Cite news |last=Gupta |first=Subhrangshu |title=Job Charnock not Kolkata founder: HC says city has no foundation day |url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2003/20030518/nation.htm#3 |work=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]] |location=Chandigarh, India |date=18 May 2003 |access-date=7 December 2006 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061129050204/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2003/20030518/nation.htm#3 |archive-date=29 November 2006 }}</ref> The area occupied by the present-day city encompassed three villages: [[Kalikata]], [[Gobindapur, Kolkata|Gobindapur]] and [[Sutanuti]]. Kalikata was a fishing village, where a handful of merchants began their operations by building a factory;<ref name=":0" /> Sutanuti was a riverside weavers' village; and Gobindapur was a trading post for Indian merchant princes. These villages were part of an estate belonging to the [[Sabarna Roy Choudhury]] family of ''[[zamindar]]s''. The estate was sold to the East India Company in 1698.<ref name="BanerjeePage1and3">{{cite book |editor1-last=Banerjee |editor1-first=Himadri |editor2-last=Gupta |editor2-first=Nilanjana |editor3-last=Mukherjee |editor3-first=Sipra |title=Calcutta mosaic: essays and interviews on the minority communities of Calcutta |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cSTEOx_Lw9MC |access-date=29 January 2012 |year=2009 |publisher=Anthem Press |location=New Delhi |isbn=978-81-905835-5-8 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130509233321/http://books.google.com/books?id=cSTEOx_Lw9MC&dq |archive-date=9 May 2013 }}</ref>{{rp|1}}

In 1712, the British completed the construction of [[Fort William, India|Fort William]], located on the east bank of the Hooghly River to protect their trading factory.<ref name="mitter">{{cite journal |last=Mitter |first=Partha |journal=[[Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians]] |volume=45 |issue=2 |date=June 1986 |pages=95–114 |title=The early British port cities of India: their planning and architecture circa 1640–1757 |jstor=990090 |doi=10.2307/990090 |issn=0037-9808 }}</ref> Facing frequent skirmishes with [[French Indies Company|French forces]], the British began to upgrade their fortifications in 1756. The Nawab of Bengal, [[Siraj ud-Daulah|Siraj-ud-Daulah]], condemned the militarisation and tax evasion by the company. His warning went unheeded, and the Nawab attacked; his capture of Fort William led to the killings of several East India company officials in the [[Black Hole of Calcutta]].<ref name="hunterhistory">{{cite book |title=The Indian Empire: its peoples, history, and products |last=Hunter |first=William Wilson |author-link=William Wilson Hunter |year=1886 |publisher=Trübner & co |location=London |pages=[https://archive.org/details/indianempireitsp00huntrich/page/381 381]–82 |url=https://archive.org/details/indianempireitsp00huntrich |access-date=25 January 2011 }}</ref> A force of Company soldiers (''[[sepoy]]s'') and British troops led by [[Robert Clive]] recaptured the city the following year.<ref name="hunterhistory" /> Per the 1765 [[Treaty of Allahabad]] following the [[battle of Buxar]], East India company was appointed imperial tax collector of the Mughal emperor in the province of Bengal, Bihar and Orissa, while Mughal-appointed Nawabs continued to rule the province.<ref name="AhmedFarooqui">{{cite book |last1=Ahmed |first1=Farooqui Salma |last2=Farooqui |first2=Salma Ahmed |title=A Comprehensive History of Medieval India: From Twelfth to the Mid-Eighteenth Century |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sxhAtCflwOMC&pg=PA369 |publisher=Pearson Education India |isbn=978-81-317-3202-1 |page=369 |access-date=2 January 2016 |year=2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160102024457/https://books.google.com/books?id=sxhAtCflwOMC&pg=PA369 |archive-date=2 January 2016 }}</ref> Declared a [[Presidencies and provinces of British India|presidency city]], Calcutta became the headquarters of the East India Company by 1773.<ref name="Arnold-Baker2015">{{cite book |last=Arnold-Baker |first=Charles |title=The Companion to British History |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=75ZGCgAAQBAJ&pg=PT504 |date=30 July 2015 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-1-317-40039-4 |page=504 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180303193215/https://books.google.com/books?id=75ZGCgAAQBAJ&pg=PT504 |archive-date=3 March 2018 }}</ref>

In 1793, ruling power of the Nawabs were abolished, and East India company took complete control of the city and the province. In the early 19th century, the marshes surrounding the city were drained; the government area was laid out along the banks of the Hooghly River. [[Richard Wellesley, 1st Marquess Wellesley|Richard Wellesley]], [[Governor-General of the Presidency of Fort William]] between 1797 and 1805, was largely responsible for the development of the city and its public architecture.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UKfoHi5412UC |title=Calcutta: a cultural and literary history |access-date=11 October 2007 |last=Dutta |first=Krishna |publisher=[[Signal Books]] |location=Oxford, UK |isbn=978-1-902669-59-5 |year=2003 |page=58 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728081609/http://books.google.com/books?id=UKfoHi5412UC |archive-date=28 July 2011 }}</ref> Throughout the late 18th and 19th century, the city was a centre of the East India Company's opium trade.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Pati |first=Biswamoy |title=Narcotics and empire |volume=23 |issue=10 |year=2006 |journal=The Hindu; Frontline |url=http://frontlineonnet.com/fl2310/stories/20060602000307600.htm |access-date=3 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061016231426/http://www.frontlineonnet.com/fl2310/stories/20060602000307600.htm |archive-date=16 October 2006 }}</ref> A census in 1837 records the population of the city proper as 229,700, of which the British residents made up only 3,138.<ref>''The National Cyclopaedia of Useful Knowledge, Vol. IV'', (1848) London, Charles Knight, p.35</ref> The same source says another 177,000 resided in the suburbs and neighbouring villages, making the entire population of greater Calcutta 406,700.

[[File:Chowringhee Square, Calcutta in 1945.jpg|thumb|left|[[Tipu Sultan Mosque]] in 1945]]
[[File:Corner of Harrison Street (Burra Bazar) and Strand Road, Calcutta in 1945.jpg|left|thumb|Bengali billboards in 1945]]
In 1864, a typhoon struck the city and killed about 60,000 in Kolkata.<ref>{{cite magazine |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/gk-current-affairs/story/calcutta-cyclone-1864-1356569-2018-10-05 |title=154 years ago, this infamous cyclone in Calcutta took over 60,000 lives and flooded the entire city |author=Tanya Saihgal |date=5 October 2018 |magazine=India Today |access-date=10 February 2020 |archive-date=6 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181006043941/https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/gk-current-affairs/story/calcutta-cyclone-1864-1356569-2018-10-05 |url-status=live }}</ref>

By the 1850s, Calcutta had two areas: White Town, which was primarily British and centred on [[Chowringhee]] and [[Dalhousie Square]]; and Black Town, mainly Indian and centred on North Calcutta.<ref name="hardgrave">{{Cite book |last=Hardgrave |first=Robert L. Jr |editor1-first=Pratapaditya |editor1-last=Pal |title=Changing visions, lasting images: Calcutta through 300 years |year=1990 |publisher=Marg Publications |location=Bombay |isbn=978-81-85026-11-4 |pages=31–46 |chapter=A portrait of Black Town: Balthazard Solvyns in Calcutta, 1791–1804 |chapter-url=http://www.laits.utexas.edu/solvyns-project/hardgraveportrait.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120112023055/http://www.laits.utexas.edu/solvyns-project/hardgraveportrait.html |archive-date=12 January 2012 }}</ref> The city underwent rapid industrial growth starting in the early 1850s, especially in the textile and jute industries; this encouraged British companies to massively invest in infrastructure projects, which included telegraph connections and {{Stnlnk|Howrah}}. The coalescence of British and Indian culture resulted in the emergence of a new ''[[Babu (title)|babu]]'' class of urbane Indians, whose members were often bureaucrats, professionals, newspaper readers, and Anglophiles; they usually belonged to upper-caste Hindu communities.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Chaudhuri |given1=NC |year=2001 |title=The autobiography of an unknown Indian |publisher=New York Review of Books |location=New York |isbn=978-0-940322-82-0 |url=https://archive.org/details/autobiographyofu00chau |pages=v–xi }}</ref> In the 19th century, the [[Bengal Renaissance]] brought about an increased sociocultural sophistication among city denizens. In 1883, Calcutta was host to the first national conference of the [[Indian National Association]], which was the first avowed nationalist organisation in India.<ref name="stepienchap3">{{cite book |last1=Stępień |first1=Jakub |last2=Tokarski |first2=Stanisław |last3=Latos |first3=Tomasz |last4=Jarecka-Stępień |first4=Katarzyna |title=Towards freedom. Ideas of "solidarity" in comparison with the thought of the Indian National Congress |year=2011 |publisher=Wydawnictwo Stowarzyszenia "Projekt Orient" |location=Kraków, Poland |isbn=978-83-933917-4-5 |pages=58–59 |chapter=Indian way to independence. The Indian National Congress }}</ref>

The [[Partition of Bengal (1905)|partition of Bengal]] in 1905 along religious lines led to mass protests, making Calcutta a less hospitable place for the British.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Chatterji |first1=Joya |title=The Spoils of Partition: Bengal and India, 1947–1967 |year=2007 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-139-46830-5 |page=9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FjQ0iWSq2R0C&pg=PA9 |language=en |access-date=31 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190401093431/https://books.google.com/books?id=FjQ0iWSq2R0C&pg=PA9 |archive-date=1 April 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Wright |first1=Tom |title=Why Delhi? The Move From Calcutta |url=https://blogs.wsj.com/indiarealtime/2011/11/11/why-delhi-the-move-from-calcutta/ |work=The Wall Street Journal |date=11 November 2011 |access-date=31 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180606045722/https://blogs.wsj.com/indiarealtime/2011/11/11/why-delhi-the-move-from-calcutta/ |archive-date=6 June 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref> The capital was moved to New Delhi in 1911.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hall |first=Peter |author-link=Peter Hall (urbanist) |title=Cities of tomorrow |year=2002 |publisher=[[Blackwell Publishing]] |location=Oxford, UK |isbn=978-0-631-23252-0 |pages=198–206 }}</ref> Calcutta continued to be a centre for [[Revolutionary movement for Indian independence|revolutionary organisations]] associated with the [[Indian independence movement]]. The city and its port were bombed several times by the [[Imperial Japanese Army|Japanese]] between 1942 and 1944, during [[World War II]].<ref name="Randhawa">{{cite web |last=Randhawa |first=K. |publisher=BBC |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/ww2peopleswar/stories/50/a5756150.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120204062423/http://www.bbc.co.uk/ww2peopleswar/stories/50/a5756150.shtml |archive-date=4 February 2012 |title=The bombing of Calcutta by the Japanese |date=15 September 2005 |access-date=26 April 2006 }}</ref><ref name="PacificWar">{{cite web |url=http://www.nzhistory.net.nz/war/war-in-the-pacific/timeline |title=Pacific War timeline: New Zealanders in the Pacific War |publisher=[[New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage]] |access-date=13 October 2008 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081021064031/http://www.nzhistory.net.nz/war/war-in-the-pacific/timeline |archive-date=21 October 2008 }}</ref> Millions starved to death during the [[Bengal famine of 1943]] (at the same time of the war) due to a combination of military, administrative, and natural factors.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Sen |first1=A |year=1973 |title=Poverty and famines |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford, UK |isbn=978-0-19-828463-5 |pages=52–85 }}</ref> [[Pakistan Movement|Demands for the creation of a Muslim state]] led in 1946 to [[Direct Action Day|an episode of communal violence]] that killed over 4,000.<ref name="Burrows">{{Cite report |last=Burrows |first=Frederick |author-link=Frederick Burrows |date=22 August 1946 |title=A copy of a secret report written on 22 August 1946 to the Viceroy Lord Wavell, from Sir Frederick John Burrows, concerning the Calcutta riots |url=http://www.bl.uk/reshelp/findhelpregion/asia/india/indianindependence/indiapakistan/partition4/index.html |publisher=[[The British Library]] |docket=IOR: L/P&J/8/655 f.f. 95, 96–107 |access-date=25 February 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120104191417/http://www.bl.uk/reshelp/findhelpregion/asia/india/indianindependence/indiapakistan/partition4/index.html |archive-date=4 January 2012 }}</ref><ref name="DasS">{{cite journal |last=Das |first=Suranjan |year=2000 |title=The 1992 Calcutta Riot in Historical Continuum: A Relapse into 'Communal Fury'? |journal=Modern Asian Studies |volume=34 |issue=2 |pages=281–306 |doi=10.1017/S0026749X0000336X |jstor=313064 |s2cid=144646764 }}</ref><ref name="Talukdar">{{Cite book |last=Suhrawardy |first=H. S. |year=1987 |title=Memoirs of Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy |chapter=Direct action day |chapter-url=http://www.globalwebpost.com/farooqm/study_res/suhrawardy/direct_action.html |editor1-last=Talukdar |editor1-first=M. H. R. |pages=55–56 |publisher=The University Press |location=Dhaka, Bangladesh |isbn=978-984-05-1087-0 |author-link=H. S. Suhrawardy |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060314030646/http://globalwebpost.com/farooqm/study_res/suhrawardy/direct_action.html |archive-date=14 March 2006 }}</ref> The [[partition of India]] led to further clashes and a demographic shift—many Muslims left for [[East Bengal]] (later [[East Pakistan]], present day [[Bangladesh]]), while hundreds of thousands of Hindus fled into the city.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Gandhi |given1=R |year=1992 |title=Patel: a life |publisher=[[Navajivan]] |location=Ahmedabad, India |asin=B0006EYQ0A |page=497 }}</ref>

During the 1960s and 1970s, severe power shortages, strikes and a violent [[Marxist]]–[[Maoist]] movement by groups known as the [[Naxalite]]s damaged much of the city's infrastructure, resulting in economic stagnation.<ref name="ianjack">—{{citation |last=Banerjee |first=Partha Sarathi |date=5 February 2011 |title=Party, Power and Political Violence in West Bengal |journal=[[Economic and Political Weekly]] |volume=46 |issue=6 |pages=16–18 |jstor=27918111 |issn=0012-9976}}<br />—{{citation |last=Gooptu |first=Nandini |date=1 June 2007 |title=Economic Liberalisation, Work and Democracy: Industrial Decline and Urban Politics in Kolkata |journal=[[Economic and Political Weekly]] |volume=42 |issue=21 |pages=1922–1933 |jstor=4419634}}<br />—{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2011/feb/05/ian-jack-kolkata |title=India's riptide of modern aspiration has not reached Kolkata&nbsp;– but that can't last |last1=Jack |first1=Ian |date=4 February 2011 |newspaper=The Guardian |location=London |access-date=6 November 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161107093315/https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2011/feb/05/ian-jack-kolkata |archive-date=7 November 2016 }}</ref> During East Pakistan's secessionist [[Bangladesh Liberation War|war of independence]] in 1971, the city was home to the [[Provisional Government of Bangladesh|government-in-exile of Bangladesh]].<ref name="auto"/> During the war, refugees poured into West Bengal and strained Kolkata's infrastructure.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Bennett |given1=A |surname2=Hindle |given2=J |year=1996 |title=London review of books: an anthology |publisher=Verso Books |location=London |isbn=978-1-85984-121-1 |pages=63–70 }}</ref> The [[Eastern Command (India)|Eastern Command]] of the Indian military, which is based in Fort William, played a pivotal role in the [[Indo-Pakistani war of 1971]] and securing the [[surrender of Pakistan]]. During the mid-1980s, [[Mumbai]] (then called Bombay) overtook Kolkata as India's most populous city. In 1985, Prime Minister [[Rajiv Gandhi]] dubbed Kolkata a "dying city" in light of its socio-political woes.<ref>{{cite news |last=Follath |first=Erich |work=[[Spiegel Online]] |location=Hamburg |url=http://www.spiegel.de/international/spiegel/0,1518,387701,00.html |title=From poorhouse to powerhouse |access-date=15 January 2011 |date=30 November 2005 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110707163423/http://www.spiegel.de/international/spiegel/0,1518,387701,00.html |archive-date=7 July 2011 }}</ref> In the period 1977–2011, West Bengal was governed from Kolkata by the [[Left Front (West Bengal)|Left Front]], which was dominated by the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|Communist Party of India]] (CPM). It was the world's longest-serving democratically elected communist government, during which Kolkata was a key base for [[Socialism in India|Indian communism]].<ref name="Biswas">{{cite news |last=Biswas |first=S. |work=BBC News |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4909832.stm |title=Calcutta's colorless campaign |access-date=26 April 2006 |date=16 April 2006 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120214053922/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4909832.stm |archive-date=14 February 2012 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UKfoHi5412UC |title=Calcutta: a cultural and literary history |access-date=30 January 2012 |last=Dutta |first=Krishna |publisher=[[Signal Books]] |location=Oxford, UK |isbn=978-1-902669-59-5 |year=2003 |pages=185–87 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728081609/http://books.google.com/books?id=UKfoHi5412UC |archive-date=28 July 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2Sl1vY5gAdsC |title=Communist and socialist movement in India: a critical account |access-date=30 January 2012 |last=Singh |first=Chandrika |publisher=Mittal Publications |location=New Delhi |isbn=978-81-7099-031-4 |year=1987 |pages=154–55 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130616061027/http://books.google.com/books?id=2Sl1vY5gAdsC&dq |archive-date=16 June 2013 }}</ref> The city's economic recovery gathered momentum after the 1990s, when [[Economic liberalisation in India|India began to institute pro-market reforms]]. Since 2000, the information technology (IT) services sector has revitalised Kolkata's stagnant economy. The city is also experiencing marked growth in its manufacturing base. In the [[2011 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]], Left Front was succeeded by the [[Trinamool Congress]].<ref name="bbceco">{{cite news |last=Dutta |first=Tanya |author-link=Tanya Datta |title=Rising Kolkata's winners and losers |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/crossing_continents/4830762.stm |access-date=21 August 2024 |work=BBC News |date=22 March 2006 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120204123645/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/crossing_continents/4830762.stm |archive-date=4 February 2012 }}</ref>