Editing Koi (section)

=== Prehistory ===
In Japan, [[Miocene]] fossils of the [[Cyprinidae|carp family]] (''Cyprinidae'') have been excavated from [[Iki Island]], [[Nagasaki Prefecture]].<ref name = "Yabumoto">{{Cite journal |last = Yabumoto |first = Yoshitaka |title = Ikiculter chojabaruensis, a New Genus and Species of Cyprinid Fish from the Miocene of Iki Island, Nagasaki, Japan |journal = Paleontological Research |volume = 14 |issue = 4 |date = 2010 |pages = 277–292 |doi = 10.2517/1342-8144-14.4.277 |s2cid = 85972532 }}</ref> Furthermore, numerous carp [[pharyngeal teeth]] have been excavated from [[Jomon]] and [[Yayoi period|Yayoi]] period sites.<ref name = "Nakajima2011">{{Cite journal |last = Nakajima |first = Tsuneo |title = コイ科魚類咽頭歯遺存体から見える先史時代の漁撈と稲作との関係に関する一考察 |trans-title = A Speculation on Relationships between Freshwater Fishing and Rice Cultivation in Prehistoric Ages from a Viewpoint of Tooth Remains of Carps |journal = Bulletin of the National Museum of Japanese History |volume = 162 |publisher = National Museum of Japanese History |date = 31 January 2011 |doi = 10.15024/00001857 |pages = 49–63 }}</ref> For example, pharyngeal teeth of the extinct species ''Jōmon Koi'' (''Cyprinus sp.'')  in addition to the modern species of carp (''[[Cyprinus carpio]]'' or ''[[Cyprinus rubrofuscus]]'') have been excavated from the Akanoi Bay lakebed site ({{lang|ja|赤野井湾湖底遺跡}}) in [[Lake Biwa]] at the end of the Early Jomon Period (11,500 – 7,000 years ago).<ref name = "Nakajima2011" /> In addition, pharyngeal teeth of all six subfamilies of the Cyprinidae family living in Japan today, including carp (Cyprinus), have been found at the Awazu lakebed site ({{lang|ja|粟津湖底遺跡}}) dating from the Middle Jomon Period (5500 – 4400 years ago).<ref name = "Nakajima2011" />

There are differences in the length distribution of carp excavated from Jomon and Yayoi sites, as estimated from the size of their pharyngeal teeth. Specifically, not only adult carp but also juvenile carp (less than 150 mm in length) have been found at the Yayoi site. This difference is thought to be because the Jomon only collected carp from lakes and rivers, while the Yayoi cultivated primitive carp along with the spread of rice paddies.<ref name = "Nakajima2011" /><ref name = "Nakajima2010">{{Cite journal |last1 = Nakajima |first1 = T. |last2 = Nakajima |first2 = M. |last3 = Yamazaki |first3 = T. |title = Evidence for fish cultivation during the Yayoi Period in western Japan |journal = International Journal of Osteoarchaeology |volume = 20 |issue = 2 |date = 2010 |pages = 127–134 |doi = 10.1002/oa.1005 }}</ref>

It was previously thought that all Japanese carp were introduced from China in prehistoric times.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1 = Jordan |first1 = David Starr |last2 = Fowler |first2 = Henry W |title = A review of the cyprinoid fishes of Japan. |journal = Proc. U.S. Natl. Mus. |issue = 1334 |date = 1903 |volume = 26 |pages = 811–862 |doi = 10.5479/si.00963801.26-1334.811 |url = https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/part/9451 |access-date = 4 January 2024 |archive-date = 14 March 2023 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230314064516/https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/part/9451 |url-status = live }}</ref> However, recent analysis of [[mitochondrial DNA]]  revealed a significant evolutionary divergence (phylogenetic split) within common carp Cyprinus carpio between the native wild form found in Lake Biwa and the Eurasian wild form, along with domesticated varieties. This supports the idea of the ancient origin of the native Japanese form (Cyprinus sp.), as well as the East Asian ancient lineage of wild common carp (C. carpio), previously proposed on the basis of fossil data. However, it is unknown when the carp from the continent was introduced to Japan. In addition, a possible multiple origin of koi carp was indicated by the polyphyletic distribution of five mtDNA haplotypes of koi carp within the ‘Eurasian’ clade.<ref name="onlinelibrary.wiley.com">{{Cite journal|last1=Mabuchi|first1=K.|last2=Senou|first2=H.|last3=Suzuki|first3=T.|last4=Nishida|first4=M.|date=June 2005|title=Discovery of an ancient lineage of Cyprinus carpio from Lake Biwa, central Japan, based on mtDNA sequence data, with reference to possible multiple origins of koi|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.0022-1112.2005.00676.x|journal=Journal of Fish Biology|volume=66|issue=6|pages=1516–1528|language=en|doi=10.1111/j.0022-1112.2005.00676.x|bibcode=2005JFBio..66.1516M|issn=0022-1112|url-access=subscription|access-date=3 October 2023|archive-date=10 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231010105228/https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.0022-1112.2005.00676.x|url-status=live}}</ref> Moreover, the oldest record of the introduction of non-native fish in Japan is that of goldfish from China (1502 or 1602),<ref>{{Cite book |editor = Kokusho Kanko-kai |title = 雑芸叢書 |trans-title = Miscellaneous Art Series |volume = 1 |publisher = Kokusho Kan-kai |date = 1915 |doi = 10.11501/1869566 |page = 265 |author1 = 国書刊行会 }}</ref> and there is no record of carp (including colored carp) until the introduction of the [[mirror carp]], called ''Doitsugoi'' (German carp), in 1904.<ref>{{Cite book |last = Maruyama |first = Tamezo |title = 外国産新魚種の導入経過 |trans-title = Progress of introduction of new foreign fish species |publisher = Fisheries Agency, Research Department, Resources Division |date = March 1987 }}</ref>