Editing Klaus Fuchs (section)

==Refugee in Britain==
Fuchs arrived in England on 24 September 1933. Jessie Gunn was a member of the Wills family, the heirs to [[Imperial Tobacco]] and benefactors of the [[University of Bristol]]. She arranged for Fuchs to meet [[Nevill Francis Mott]], Bristol's professor of physics, and he agreed to take Fuchs on as a research assistant.{{sfn|Moss|1987|pp=12–13}}  Fuchs earned his [[PhD]] in physics there in 1937. A paper on "A Quantum Mechanical Calculation of the Elastic Constants of Monovalent Metals" was published in the ''[[Proceedings of the Royal Society]]'' in 1936.<ref>Proc. Roy. Soc. A vol. 153 no. 880 (1 February 1936), pp. 622–639.</ref> By this time, Mott had a number of German refugees working for him, and lacked positions for them all. He did not think that Fuchs would make much of a teacher, so he arranged a research post for Fuchs, at the [[University of Edinburgh]] working under [[Max Born]], who was himself a German refugee. Fuchs published papers with Born on "The Statistical Mechanics of Condensing Systems" and "On Fluctuations in Electromagnetic radiation" in the ''Proceedings of the Royal Society''. He also received a [[Doctorate in Science]] degree from Edinburgh. Fuchs proudly posted copies back to his father, Emil, in Germany.{{sfn|Moss|1987|pp=19–20}}

In Germany, Emil had been dismissed from his academic post, and, disillusioned with the Lutheran Church's support of the NSDAP, had become a [[Quaker]] in 1933.{{sfn|Moss|1987|pp=10–12}} He was arrested for speaking out against the government and was held for a month. His daughter, Elisabeth, married a fellow communist, Gustav Kittowski, with whom she had a child they named Klaus.{{sfn|Williams|1987|pp=17–18}} Elisabeth and Kittowski were arrested in 1933, and sentenced to 18 months imprisonment but were freed at Christmas. Emil's son, Gerhard, and his wife Karin were arrested in 1934 and spent the next two years in prison. Gerhard, Karin, Elisabeth and Kittowski established a car rental agency in Berlin, which they used to smuggle Jews and opponents of the government out of Germany.{{sfn|Williams|1987|pp=17–18}}

After Emil was arrested in 1933, his other daughter, Kristel, fled to Zurich, where she studied education and psychology at the [[University of Zurich]]. She returned to Berlin in 1934, where she too worked at the car rental agency. In 1936, Emil arranged with Quaker friends in the United States for Kristel to attend [[Swarthmore College]] there. She visited her brother, Klaus Fuchs, in England ''en route'' to America, where she eventually married an American communist, Robert Heineman, and settled in [[Cambridge, Massachusetts]]. She became a permanent resident in the United States in May 1938.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/books-and-monographs/venona-soviet-espionage-and-the-american-response-1939-1957/28a.gif |title=[Lamphere to Gardner], "Emil Julius Klaus Fuchs", aka; Karl Fuchs," 26 September 1949, National Security Agency, Venona Collection at 49–029. |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]] |access-date=28 April 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121103042340/https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/books-and-monographs/venona-soviet-espionage-and-the-american-response-1939-1957/28a.gif |archive-date= 3 November 2012 }}</ref>{{sfn|Williams|1987|pp=16–18}}{{sfn|Moss|1987|pp=17–18}} In 1936, Kittowski and Elisabeth were arrested again, and the rental cars were impounded. Gerhard and Karin fled to [[Czechoslovakia]]. Elisabeth was released and went to live with her father, Emil, while Kittowski, sentenced to six years, later escaped from prison and also made his way to Czechoslovakia. In August 1939,{{sfn|Laucht|2012|p=15}} Elisabeth died by suicide by throwing herself from a train, leaving Emil to raise her young son, Klaus.{{sfn|Moss|1987|pp=17–18}}{{sfn|Williams|1987|pp=16–18}}