Editing Klaus Barbie (section)

==Second World War==
After the German [[Battle of the Netherlands|conquest]] and [[History of the Netherlands (1939–1945)|occupation]] of the Netherlands, Barbie was assigned to Amsterdam. He had been pre-assigned to [[Adolf Eichmann]]'s Amt (Department) IV/B-4. This department was responsible for the identification, roundup, and deportation of Dutch Communists, Jews and [[Freemasons]]. On 11 October 1940, Barbie arrested {{ill|Hermannus van Tongeren|nl|Hermannus van Tongeren sr.|lt=Hermannus van Tongeren}}, [[Grand Master (Masonic)|Grand Master]] of the [[Grand Orient of the Netherlands]]. In March 1941, van Tongeren was transported to [[Sachsenhausen concentration camp]] where, in freezing conditions, he died two weeks later. On 1 April, Barbie summoned van Tongeren's daughter, Charlotte, to SD headquarters and informed her that her father had died of an infection in both ears and had been cremated.<ref>{{cite book |first=Robert |last=Cooper |edition=illustrated |publisher=Lewis Masonic |title=The Red Triangle |year=2011 |pages=95–97 |isbn=978-0853183327}}</ref>

In 1942, he was sent to [[Dijon]], in the [[Zone occupée|Occupied Zone]] of France. In November of the same year, at the age of 29, he was assigned to Lyon as the head of the local [[Gestapo]]. He established his headquarters at the [[Hôtel Terminus]] in Lyon, where he personally tortured adult and child prisoners.<ref name="criminaltospy">{{cite news|last1=Bönisch|first1=Georg|title=From Nazi to criminal to post-war spy: German intelligence hired Klaus Barbie as agent|url=http://www.spiegel.de/international/germany/from-nazi-criminal-to-postwar-spy-german-intelligence-hired-klaus-barbie-as-agent-a-740393.html|newspaper=Der Spiegel|date=20 January 2011|last2=Wiegrefe|first2=Klaus}}</ref><ref name=hotelterminus>{{cite AV media|year=1988|title=Hôtel Terminus|medium=Motion picture}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.writing.upenn.edu/~afilreis/Holocaust/barbie.html |title=Klaus Barbie: women testify of torture at his hands|newspaper=The Philadelphia Inquirer|via=Literature of the Holocaust at Penn State University|date=23 March 1987|access-date=25 July 2023}}</ref> He became known as the "Butcher of Lyon".<ref>{{Cite magazine|title=Ich bin gekommen, um zu töten|language=de|url=http://www.spiegel.de/panorama/zeitgeschichte/0,1518,489560,00.html|magazine=Der Spiegel|date=2 July 2007|access-date=22 January 2011|first=Jörg |last=Diehl}}</ref> The daughter of a [[French Resistance]] leader based in Lyon said her father was beaten and his skin torn, and that his head was immersed in buckets of ammonia and cold water; he could not sit or stand and died three days later from burns to his skin.<ref name=hotelterminus/> Other tortures included training German shepherd dogs to bite and using them to [[rape]] naked women.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Chalmers |first=Beverley |date=2015 |title=Jewish women's sexual behaviour and sexualized abuse during the Nazi era |url=https://www.utpjournals.press/doi/full/10.3138/cjhs.242-A10 |journal=The Canadian Journal of Human Sexuality |volume=24 |issue=2 |pages=184–196 |doi=10.3138/cjhs.242-A10 |s2cid=145155868 |via=University of Toronto Press}}</ref>

It has been estimated <ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.nationalww2museum.org/war/articles/klaus-barbie-izieu-childrens-home | title=Targeting the Most Vulnerable: Klaus Barbie and the Izieu Children's Home | date=29 May 2019 }}</ref> that Barbie was directly responsible for the deportation of up to 14,000 Jews and resistance fighters,<ref>{{Cite news|title=3 July 1987: Nazi war criminal Klaus Barbie gets life|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/july/3/newsid_2492000/2492285.stm|work=BBC On This Day<!--This is the date given, but it's not actually written contemporaneously, so not appropriate to use it here: |date=3 July 1987-->|access-date=1 May 2009}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine|title=Klaus Barbie ausgeliefert|language=de|url=https://www.spiegel.de/geschichte/kalenderblatt-4-2-1983-a-946578.html|magazine=Der Spiegel|date=4 February 2008|access-date=25 July 2023}}</ref> personally participating in roundups such as the [[Rue Sainte-Catherine Roundup]] which saw 84 people arrested in a single day. He arrested [[Jean Moulin]], a high-ranking member of the [[French Resistance]] and his most prominent captive. In 1943, he was awarded the [[Iron Cross#Iron Cross|Iron Cross (First Class)]] by [[Adolf Hitler]] for his campaign against the French Resistance and the capture of Moulin.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bower |first=Tom |title=Klaus Barbie: The Butcher of Lyons |publisher=Open Road Media |year=2017 |isbn=9781504043250 |language=en}}</ref>

In April 1944, Barbie ordered the [[deportation]] to [[Auschwitz]] of a group of 44 Jewish children from an orphanage at [[Izieu]].<!--This was just one of the charges brought up at his trial--><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.yadvashem.org/yv/en/exhibitions/childrens-homes/izieu/index.asp |title=Maison d'Izieu |publisher=[[Yad Vashem]] |access-date=25 July 2023}}</ref> He then rejoined the [[Sicherheitspolizei|SiPo]]-SD of Lyon in its retreat to [[Bruyères]], where he led an anti-partisan attack in [[Rehaupal]] in September 1944.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.warhistoryonline.com/world-war-ii/klaus-barbie-butcher-lyon.html|title=The Notorious Klaus Barbie: The Butcher Of Lyon|publisher=War History Online|date=20 September 2017|access-date=23 February 2025}}</ref>