Editing Kiwifruit (section)

==History==
{{Further|Kiwifruit industry in New Zealand}}
{{Infobox Chinese
|pic=Kiwifruit (Chinese characters).svg
|piccap="Kiwifruit" in Traditional (top) and Simplified (bottom) Chinese characters
|picupright=0.6
|t=獼猴桃
|s=猕猴桃
|l="macaque peach"
|p=míhóutáo
|mi={{IPAc-cmn|m|i|2|.|h|ou|2|.|t|ao|2}} 
|j=nei⁴ hau⁴ tou⁴<sup>-</sup>²
|y=nèih hàuh tóu
|t2=狐狸桃
|s2=狐狸桃
|p2=húlitáo
|j2=wu⁴ lei² tou⁴
|y2= wùh léi tòuh
|t3=藤梨
|s3=藤梨
|p3=ténglí
|j3=tang⁴ lei⁴<sup>-</sup>²
|y3=tàhng léi
|t4=羊桃
|s4=羊桃
|p4=yángtáo
|j4=joeng⁴ tou⁴<sup>-</sup>²
|y4=yèuhng tóu
}}

Kiwifruit is native to central and eastern China.<ref name=Morton /> The first identifiable description of a plant as ''[[Actinidia chinensis]]'' is from a [[Tang Dynasty]] poem by [[Cen Shen]], which describes a mihoutao plant growing above a well in modern-day [[Shaanxi]].<ref>{{cite book|first1=A. R.|last1=Ferguson|author-link1=Ross Ferguson|chapter=The Kiwifruit in China|pages=157|title=Kiwifruit Science and Management |editor-last1=Warrington |editor-first1=I. J.|editor-last2=Weston|editor-first2=G. C. |year=1990 |location=Auckland |publisher=New Zealand Society for Horticultural Science |isbn=0-908596-28-6}}</ref> The first recorded description of the kiwifruit dates to 12th century China during the [[Song dynasty]].<ref name="Ward Courtney 2013"/> As it was usually collected from the wild and consumed for medicinal purposes, the plant was rarely [[Horticulture|cultivated]] or [[Plant breeding|bred]].<ref>{{cite journal|last=Huang|first=H.|author2=Ferguson, A. R. |title=Kiwifruit (''Actinidia chinesis'' and ''A. deliciosa'') plantings and production in China, 2002|journal=New Zealand Journal of Crop and Horticultural Science|year=2003|volume=31|issue=3|pages=197–202|doi=10.1080/01140671.2003.9514253|bibcode=2003NZJCH..31..197H |s2cid=86106541}}</ref> Cultivation of kiwifruit spread from China in the early 20th century to New Zealand, where the first commercial plantings occurred.<ref name=Morton /> After the Hayward variety was developed, the fruit became popular with British and American servicemen stationed in New Zealand during World War II. Kiwifruits were exported to Great Britain and Australia from 1953,<ref name="Domestication"/>{{rp|204}} and then to [[California]] from 1959.<ref name=Morton /><ref name="latimes"/><ref name="Domestication"/>{{rp|204}}

In New Zealand during the 1940s and 1950s, the fruit became an agricultural commodity through the development of commercially viable cultivars, agricultural practices, shipping, storage, and marketing.<ref name="knowles">{{Cite web |vauthors=Knowles M|date=25 April 2017|title=NZ kiwifruit: how a major brand emerged |url=https://www.fruitnet.com/eurofruit/nz-kiwifruit-how-a-major-brand-emerged/172018.article |access-date=2025-03-20 |publisher=Fruitnet |language=en}}</ref> In the 1970s, New Zealand's kiwifruit industry experienced significant growth. To support this expansion, the Kiwifruit Export Promotion Committee was established in 1970 to coordinate marketing efforts and later, in 1977, the Kiwifruit Marketing Licensing Authority was formed to set market standards and advise the government, giving growers some control over licensing exporters.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Skallerud |first1=Kåre |last2=and Olsen |first2=Svein Ottar |date=2011-10-01 |title=Export Marketing Arrangements in Four New Zealand Agriculture Industries: An Institutional Perspective |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/08974438.2011.621841 |journal=Journal of International Food & Agribusiness Marketing |volume=23 |issue=4 |pages=310–329 |doi=10.1080/08974438.2011.621841 |issn=0897-4438}}</ref> The New Zealand Kiwifruit Marketing Board, was later renamed Zespri International Limited in 1997. This rebranding marked a strategic move to enhance global recognition and market presence.<ref name=knowles/>

In 1978, China established the National Cooperative Group for Kiwifruit Research, launching a nationwide survey of wild Actinidia germplasm. This effort led to the selection of over 1,400 candidate cultivars.<ref>{{Cite journal |title=Actinidia Germplasm Resources and Kiwifruit Industry In China |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/283151670|date=1 October 2004|volume=39|issue=6|pages=1165–1172|vauthors= Huang H, Wang Y, Zhang ZH, Jiang ZW |doi=10.21273/HORTSCI.39.6.1165|journal=HortScience}}</ref><ref name="huang">{{Cite journal |title=Review: Kiwifruit in China|vauthors=Huang H, Ferguson AR| url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/01140671.2001.9514154|year=2001|volume=29|issue=1|pages=1–14|doi=10.1080/01140671.2001.9514154|journal=New Zealand Journal of Crop and Horticultural Science |bibcode=2001NZJCH..29....1H }}</ref> By the early 1980s, China began cultivating kiwifruit commercially, initially planting less than one hectare with the 'Hayward' cultivar from New Zealand. Over the following decades, China's kiwifruit industry expanded significantly, and by 2020, 'Hayward' accounted for only 6.3% of total plantings, as domestically bred cultivars gained prominence.<ref name="zhong">{{Cite journal |title=The breeding progress and development status of the kiwifruit industry in China|vauthors=Zhong C, Huang W, Wang Z, et al|journal=Acta Horticulturae |url=https://www.ishs.org/ishs-article/1332_59 |publisher=International Society for Horticultural Science |doi=10.17660/ActaHortic.2022.1332.59 |date=2022 |volume=1332 |issue=1332 |pages=445–454}}</ref>

Among these are 'Hongyang', a red-fleshed kiwifruit selected in Sichuan from seedlings raised from wild-collected seeds,<ref name="wang">{{Cite journal |title=Selection of a new red-fleshed kiwifruit cultivar "Hongyang'|vauthors=Wang M, Li M, Meng A |url=https://www.actahort.org/books/610/610_13.htm|doi=10.17660/ActaHortic.2003.610.13|date=2003|access-date=2025-03-20 |journal=Acta Horticulturae|issue=610 |pages=115–117 }}</ref> 'Jinyan', a yellow-fleshed variety, and 'Donghong', another red-fleshed cultivar, also known as Oriental Red.<ref name="jinyan">{{Cite journal |title='Jinyan' - A superior yellow-fleshed kiwifruit cultivar with excellent storage quality|url=https://www.actahort.org/books/913/913_16.htm|vauthors=Zhong C, Wang S, Huang H, Jiang Z|doi=10.17660/ActaHortic.2011.913.16|date=2011|access-date=2025-03-20 |journal=Acta Horticulturae|issue=913 |pages=135–143 }}</ref><ref name=":0" />

The [[Wuhan Botanical Garden]] of the [[Chinese Academy of Sciences]] (CAS) plays a key role in China's kiwifruit conservation and breeding. It houses the world's largest kiwifruit gene bank, with 73 validated or protected varieties and 426 high-quality strains, including Donghong, Jinyan, and Jintao. In 2001, it sold exclusive breeding rights for Jintao to the Italian company Jingold, and in 2012, a collaboration with Jingold resulted in the development and patenting of the Jinyan and Donghong cultivars.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-09-06 |title="800 hectares in China will be dedicated to Jintao kiwifruit" |url=https://www.freshplaza.com/north-america/article/9141205/800-hectares-in-china-will-be-dedicated-to-jintao-kiwifruit/ |access-date=2025-04-03 |website=www.freshplaza.com |language=en}}</ref><ref name="pr2015">{{Cite web |title=Chinese Kiwifruit Season Starts with Strong Volume |url=https://www.producereport.com/article/chinese-kiwifruit-season-starts-strong-volume|date=9 August 2015 |access-date=20 March 2025 |publisher=Produce Report |language=en}}</ref>