Editing Kilburn, London (section)

==History==
Kilburn High Road originated as an [[ancient trackway]], part of a route between the Brittonic settlements now known as [[Canterbury]] and [[St Albans]]. Under [[Roman Britain|Roman rule]], the route was paved. In [[Anglo-Saxons|Anglo-Saxon]] times the road became known as [[Watling Street]].<ref>{{cite web|url= http://hampstead.rootschat.net/kilburn.htm |title= The Virtual Tour of Kilburn |access-date= 7 December 2014 |url-status= dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20070321221332/http://hampstead.rootschat.net/kilburn.htm |archive-date= 21 March 2007 }}</ref>

{{multiple image
 |total_width=400
 |image1=Watling Street plaque Kilburn.jpg
 |width1=200
 |image2=Kilburn Wells Spa plaque.jpg
 |width2=200
 |footer= Paving stones in Kilburn, commemorating the route of [[Watling Street]] on High Road (left) and commemorating the former Wells on the corner of [[Belsize Road]] and the High Road (right)
}}
[[File:Kilburn Red Lion 2.jpg|thumb|The Red Lion, est. 1444]]
Kilburn Priory was built on the banks of a stream variously recorded as ''Cuneburna'', ''Kelebourne'' and ''Cyebourne'' (in the latter source most other places with the phonetic sound {{IPAc-en|k|iː}} were [[Middle English orthography|rendered in writing]] ''Cy'' such as ''Cynestone'' (Kingston)). The stream flowed from [[Hampstead]] through this parish then through [[Paddington]] &ndash; specifically through areas that became "[[Westbourne, London|Westbourne]]", "[[Bayswater]]" and [[Hyde Park, London|Hyde Park]] &ndash; [[South Kensington]] and the narrow east part of [[Chelsea, London|Chelsea]] into the [[River Thames|Thames]]. The first two names perhaps imply meanings of "King's Bourne" and "Cattle Bourne".  The word [[Bourne (stream)|''Bourne'']] is the southern variant of ''burn'' (any small "river"), as still commonly used in the technical term, ''[[winterbourne (stream)|winterbourne]]'' - a watercourse which tends to dry up in dry periods. The river is known today as the [[River Westbourne|Westbourne]]. From the 1850s many of its feeder ditches were diverted into [[combined sewer]]s feeding away to the east; it was otherwise piped underground and became one of London's [[Subterranean rivers of London|underground rivers]].<ref>See London sewerage system</ref>

The name "Kilburn" was first recorded in 1134 as ''Cuneburna'', referring to the [[priory]] which had been built on the site of the cell of a hermit known as Godwyn.<ref>{{cite book|url= https://archive.org/details/graphicandhisto00braygoog|page= [https://archive.org/details/graphicandhisto00braygoog/page/n346 336]|quote= cuneburna.|title= The Graphic and Historical Illustrator: An Original Miscellany of Literary, Antiquarian and Topographical Information|access-date= 7 December 2014|author= Edward Wedlake Brayley|author-link= Edward Wedlake Brayley|year= 1834|publisher= J. Chidley|format= JPG, PDF}}</ref>
Godwyn had built his hermitage by the Kilburn river during the reign (1100-1135) of [[Henry I of England|Henry I]], and both his hermitage and the priory took their name from the river.<ref name="BH">
{{cite web|url= http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=22637|title= Kilburn, Edgware Road and Cricklewood|access-date= 7 December 2014|editor= C.R. Elrington |author1=T.F.T. Baker |author2=Diane K. Bolton |author3=Patricia E.C. Croot|year= 1989|work= A History of the County of Middlesex: Volume 9 (sourced from British History Online)}}</ref>

[[Kilburn Priory]] was a small community of nuns, probably [[Augustinian nuns|Augustinian canonesses]]. It was founded in 1134 at the Kilburn river crossing on Watling Street (the modern-day junction of Kilburn High Road and [[Belsize Road]]). Kilburn Priory's position on Watling Street meant that it became a popular resting point for pilgrims heading for the shrines at [[St Albans]] and [[Willesden]]. [[Henry VIII of England|Henry VIII]]'s administration dissolved the priory in 1536–37, and nothing remains of it today<ref name="BH2">{{cite web|url= http://www.brent-heritage.co.uk/kilburn.htm|title= Kilburn|access-date= 7 December 2014|year= 2002|work= Brent Heritage|archive-date= 18 July 2014|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140718201057/http://www.brent-heritage.co.uk/kilburn.htm|url-status= dead}}</ref> 
except the name of [[Abbey Road, London|Abbey Road]] (in nearby [[St John's Wood]]), named from a track which once led to the priory.<ref>
{{cite book
| last1 = Mills
| first1 = A. D.
| year = 2001
| title = A Dictionary of London Place-Names
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=UWKcAQAAQBAJ
| edition = 2
| location = Oxford
| publisher = Oxford University Press
| publication-date = 2010
| page = 1
| isbn = 9780199566785
| access-date = 2016-06-16
| quote = Abbey Road (in St John's Wood) [...]. Developed in the early 19th century from an earlier track, and so named from the [[medieval priory]] at Kilburn to which it led. Chiefly famous of course as the name of the 1969 Beatles album recorded here at the EMI studios!
}}
</ref>
The priory lands included a mansion and a ''hostium'' (a guesthouse), which may have been the origin of the Red Lion pub, thought to have been founded in 1444. Opposite, the Bell Inn opened around 1600, on the site of the old mansion.<ref name="BH"/>

The fashion for taking "medicinal waters" in the 18th century came to Kilburn when a well of [[chalybeate]] waters (water impregnated with iron) was discovered near the Bell Inn in 1714. In an attempt to compete with the nearby [[Hampstead]] Well, gardens and a "great room" opened to promote the well, and its waters were promoted in journals of the day as cure for "stomach ailments":<ref name="BH"/>

{{quote|Kilburn Wells, near Paddington.—The waters are now in the utmost perfection; the gardens enlarged and greatly improved; the house and offices re-painted and beautified in the most elegant manner. The whole is now open for the reception of the public, the great room being particularly adapted to the use and amusement of the politest companies. Fit either for music, dancing, or entertainments. This happy spot is equally celebrated for its rural situation, extensive prospects, and the acknowledged efficacy of its waters; is most delightfully situated on the site of the once famous Abbey of Kilburn, on the Edgware Road, at an easy distance, being but a morning's walk, from the metropolis, two miles from Oxford Street; the footway from the Mary-bone across the fields still nearer. A plentiful larder is always provided, together with the best of wines and other liquors. Breakfasting and hot loaves. A printed account of the waters, as drawn up by an eminent physician, is given gratis at the Wells.|''The Public Advertiser'', July 17, 1773<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=45234|title= Kilburn and St John's Wood|work= British History Online|access-date= 7 December 2014}}</ref>}}

In the 19th century the wells declined, but the Kilburn Wells remained popular as a [[Tea garden (disambiguation)|tea garden]]. The Bell was demolished and rebuilt in 1863, the building which stands there today.{{clarify|date=June 2018}} The Kilburn stretch of Watling Street, now called [[Edgware Road]] and Kilburn High Road, was gradually built up with inns and farm houses. Despite the discovery of the medicinal well in 1714, and the construction of gardens and a fine room to exploit the water, Kilburn did not attract any significant building until around 1819 in the area near [[St John's Wood]].<ref name="BH"/> These 19th century developments mark the emergence of the nucleated roadside hamlet from which the modern district of Kilburn developed.

Between 1839 and 1856 the newsagent and future First Lord of the Admiralty [[William Henry Smith (1825–1891)|William Henry Smith]] lived in a house to the west of Kilburn High Road. Solomon Barnett developed much of the area in the last decades of the 19th century, naming many of the streets after places in the West Country (e.g. Torbay) or after popular poets of the day (e.g. Tennyson) in honour of his wife.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Queens Park |url=https://www.cameronsstiff.co.uk/pages/queens-park#/ |access-date=2024-11-14 |website=Camerons Stiff & Co |language=en}}</ref>

The funeral of [[Michael Gaughan (Irish republican)|Michael Gaughan]], an Irish republican and a member of the [[Provisional Irish Republican Army]] (IRA) who died from [[hunger strike]] in 1974, took place on 8 June 1974.  Over 3,000 mourners lined the streets of Kilburn and marched behind his coffin - which was flanked by an IRA "honour guard" - to a [[Requiem|Requiem Mass]] held in the Church of the Sacred Heart of Jesus.<ref name="snodaigh">{{cite web | author= Aengus O Snodaigh | author-link= Aengus O Snodaigh | title= Take me home to Mayo – 25th anniversary of Michael Gaughan's death| work= [[An Phoblacht]]| url= http://republican-news.org/archive/1999/July01/01hist.html| access-date= 13 June 2007 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web| title= work of Raymond Jackson| work= [[British Cartoon Archive]]| url= http://opal.ukc.ac.uk/cartoonx-cgi/ccc.py?mode=single&start=0&search=kilburn%20march| access-date= 13 June 2007| url-status= dead| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20071024065058/http://opal.ukc.ac.uk/cartoonx-cgi/ccc.py?mode=single&start=0&search=kilburn%20march| archive-date= 24 October 2007| df= dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title= Kilburn Funeral| work= [[British Cartoon Archive]]| url=http://editorial.gettyimages.com/Search/Detail.aspx?axd=DetailPaging.Search%7C1&axs=0%7C3309038%2c3309011%2c3328619%2c3262585%2c3366599%2c3328076%2c3280084%2c3274634%2c3089701%2c3096205%2c3322473%2c3379907%2c3331190%2c3364703%2c3424291%2c3280403%2c3381025%2c3356011%2c3325575%2c3368109%2c3366724%2c3327742%2c3333411%2c3395897%2c3304952%2c3133898%2c3336093%2c3300141%2c3096085%2c3326424%2c3258585%2c3294039%2c3397219%2c3263550%2c3328277%2c3346446%2c3278770%2c3346809%2c3318186%2c3200748%2c3164478%2c3359463%2c3096113%2c3351071%2c3097122%2c3253842%2c51242893%2c51244670%2c3096368%2c3278774%2c3377976%2c71217161%2c3304950%2c3165187%2c3324061%2c3380404%2c3267896%2c3349766%2c3327696%2c3319647&id=3309038| access-date= 13 June 2007 }}</ref> The ''Biddy Mulligan's'' pub on High Road, which was popular among the local Irish population, [[Biddy Mulligan's pub bombing|was bombed]] in retaliation on 21 December 1975 by the [[Ulster Defence Association]] (UDA), an [[Ulster loyalist]] group during the [[The Troubles|Troubles]] of [[Northern Ireland]]. Although there were 90 people in the pub at the time of the bomb, there were few injuries. It was the only loyalist bombing in London during the conflict in Northern Ireland.<ref name="kilburnandwillesdenhistory.blogspot.co.uk">
{{cite web
|url= http://kilburnandwillesdenhistory.blogspot.co.uk/2015/08/an-ira-funeral-march-and-bomb-at-biddy.html
|title= An IRA funeral march and the bomb at Biddy Mulligan's Pub
|website= Kilburnandwillesdenhistory.blogspot.co.uk|date= 8 August 2015
|access-date= 6 January 2018
}}
</ref><ref name="london24.com">
[http://www.london24.com/news/old-london/eight_old_pictures_of_kilburn_1_3690378] {{dead link|date=December 2017|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}
</ref>