Editing Khartoum (section)

==History==
{{see also|Timeline of Khartoum}}

===19th century===
[[File:Slave market Khartoum 19th c.png|thumb|right|In the [[slave auction|slave-market]] at Khartoum]]
In 1821, Khartoum was established {{cvt|15|mi|km|order=flip}} north of the ancient city of [[Soba (city)|Soba]], by [[Isma'il Kamil Pasha]], the third son of Egypt's ruler, [[Muhammad Ali of Egypt|Muhammad Ali Pasha]], who had just incorporated Sudan into his realm. Originally, Khartoum served as an outpost for the [[Egyptian Army]]. Egypt shifted the seat of the colonial government from [[Wad Madani]] to Khartoum in 1823, which became a permanent settlement and underwent rapid development in the next decades. With its elevation to capital status, Khartoum quickly grew into a regional center of trade, serving as a [[rest area]] on the caravan route from [[Ethiopia]] to [[Egypt]], but also becoming a major focal point for the [[slavery in Sudan|slave trade]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Uhlig |first1=Siegbert |title=Encyclopaedia Aethiopica: Volume 3: He-N |date=2008 |pages=392}}</ref><ref>Roman Adrian Cybriwsky, ''Capital Cities around the World: An Encyclopedia of Geography, History, and Culture'', ABC-CLIO, USA, 2013, p. 139</ref>

A significant change took place in 1854, when most of the city was destroyed by heavy rains and floods. It was rebuilt with houses made out of mud and stones, replacing those made out of thatch and straw. Khartoum also became the seat of several European consulates and the [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Khartoum|Apostolic Vicariate of Central Africa]]. European pressure and influence forced Egypt to close the city's public slave market in 1854, although slaves continued to be sold and trafficked in large numbers, specifically from the [[Blue Nile State|Blue Nile]] region and the [[Nuba Mountains]], as well as down the [[White Nile]] (the [[Dinka people|Dinka]] and [[Shilluk people|Shilluk]] territories).<ref>{{cite book |last1=Uhlig |first1=Siegbert |title=Encyclopaedia Aethiopica: Volume 3: He-N |date=2008 |pages=392}}</ref> According to the British explorer [[Samuel Baker]], who visited Khartoum in 1862, slavery was the industry "that kept Khartoum going as a bustling town".<ref>{{cite book|author=Jok, Madut Jok|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wqzvlWdxThwC&q=War+and+Slavery+in+Sudan&pg=PA1|title=War and Slavery in Sudan|publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press|year=2001|isbn=0-8122-1762-4|page=5}}</ref> 

On 13 March 1884, troops loyal to the [[Mahdi]] [[Muhammad Ahmad]] began the [[siege of Khartoum]] against the Egyptian garrison led by the British General [[Charles George Gordon]]. Despite being fortified by trenches and a wall connecting the Blue and White Niles, the city was conquered by the Mahdists on 26 January 1885. Many of the inhabitants were massacred or enslaved and the survivors were deported to the newly established [[Omdurman]], while Khartoum was largely destroyed and abandoned.<ref>{{cite book |last=Hammond |first=Peter |title=Slavery, Terrorism & Islam |publisher=Christian Liberty Books |place=Cape Town, South Africa |year=2005}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Uhlig |first1=Siegbert |title=Encyclopaedia Aethiopica: D-Ha |date=2003 |pages=392}}</ref> 

With the reconquest of Sudan by Anglo-Egyptian forces in 1898, Khartoum was reinstated as the capital, and was rebuilt according to a street plan in the shape of the [[Union Jack]]. Khartoum Bahri was established as a garrison comprising a dockyard and a railhead to [[Egypt]], while Omdurman, remained the most populous part and largely kept its old shape.<ref>Britannica,
[https://www.britannica.com/place/Khartoum Khartoum] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150626182639/https://www.britannica.com/place/Khartoum |date=26 June 2015 }}, britannica.com, USA, accessed on 30 June 2019</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Uhlig |first1=Siegbert |title=Encyclopaedia Aethiopica: Volume 3: He-N |date=2008 |pages=392}}</ref>

===20th century===
[[File:Die Gartenlaube (1888) b 617.jpg|thumb|Khartoum in 1888|left]]During World War II, the Italian Empire attempted to advance into Sudan from [[Italian East Africa|Ethiopia]], with the end goal of capturing Khartoum. However, the [[Northern front, East Africa, 1940|Italian attack]] was repelled by British forces in Sudan.

The fourth [[Arab League]] summit was held in Khartoum on 29 August 1967.

In 1973, the city was the site of a [[Attack on the Saudi Embassy in Khartoum|hostage crisis]] in which members of [[Black September Organization|Black September]] held 10 hostages at the Saudi Arabian embassy, five of them diplomats. The US ambassador, the US deputy ambassador, and the Belgian ''chargé d'affaires'' were murdered. The remaining hostages were released. A 1973 [[United States Department of State]] document, declassified in 2006, concluded: "The Khartoum operation was planned and carried out with the full knowledge and personal approval of [[Yasser Arafat]]."<ref>{{cite web |url=https://2001-2009.state.gov/documents/organization/67584.pdf |title=The Seizure of the Saudi Arabian Embassy in Khartoum |website=U.S. Department of State |access-date=2014-01-28 |archive-date=2 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200802205255/https://2001-2009.state.gov/documents/organization/67584.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 1977, the first oil pipeline between Khartoum and [[Port Sudan]] was completed.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vQiPecYNgPYC&q=In+1977%2C+the+first+oil+pipeline+between+Khartoum+and+the+Port+of+Sudan+was+completed.&pg=PA174 |title=Minerals Yearbook |date=1995 |publisher=Bureau of Mines |language=en |access-date=14 November 2020 |archive-date=19 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230419233115/https://books.google.com/books?id=vQiPecYNgPYC&q=In+1977%2C+the+first+oil+pipeline+between+Khartoum+and+the+Port+of+Sudan+was+completed.&pg=PA174 |url-status=live }}</ref>

The [[Organisation of African Unity|Organization of African Unity]] summit of 18–22 July 1978 was held in Khartoum, during which Sudan was awarded the [[Organisation of African Unity|OAU]] presidency.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Harris |first=Gordon |title=The Organization of African Unity |publisher=Transaction Publishers |year=1994 |isbn=9781412830270 |location=London, United Kingdom |pages=29}}</ref>
[[File:Sudan Khartoum Palace 1936.jpg|thumb|Government House (1936); now the Presidential Palace]]

Throughout the 1970s and 1980s, Khartoum was the destination of hundreds of thousands of refugees fleeing conflicts in neighboring nations such as [[Chad]], [[Eritrea]], [[Ethiopia]] and [[Uganda]]. Many Eritrean and Ethiopian refugees assimilated into society, while others settled in large slums on the city's outskirts. Since the mid-1980s, large numbers of refugees from [[South Sudan]] and [[Darfur]] – fleeing the violence of the [[Second Sudanese Civil War]] and [[Darfur conflict]] – have settled around Khartoum.

In 1991, [[Osama bin Laden]] purchased [[Osama bin Laden's house in Khartoum|a house]] in the affluent [[Riyad, Khartoum|al-Riyadh]] neighborhood of the city and another in [[Soba (city)|Soba]]. He lived there until 1996, when he was banished from the country. Following the [[1998 U.S. embassy bombings]], the United States accused bin Laden's [[al-Qaeda]] group and, on 20 August, launched [[cruise missile]] attacks on the [[al-Shifa pharmaceutical factory]] in [[Khartoum North]]. The factory's destruction created diplomatic tension between the U.S. and Sudan. The factory ruins are now a tourist attraction.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Cybriwsky |first=Roman Adrian |title=Capital Cities around the World: An Encyclopedia of Geography, History, and Culture |publisher=ABC-CLIO |year=2013 |isbn=9781610692489 |pages=140}}</ref>

In November 1991, the government of President [[Omar al-Bashir]] sought to remove half the population from the city. The residents, deemed [[Squatting in Sudan|squatters]], were mostly southern Sudanese whom the government feared could be potential rebel sympathizers. Around 425,000 people were placed in five "Peace Camps" in the desert an hour's drive from Khartoum. The camps were watched over by heavily armed security guards, many relief agencies were banned from assisting, and "the nearest food was at a market four miles away, a vast journey in the desert heat". Many residents were reduced to having only burlap sacks as housing. The intentional displacement was part of a large urban renewal plan backed by the housing minister, Sharaf Bannaga.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Me against my brother : at war in Somalia, Sudan, and Rwanda : a journalist reports from the battlefields of Africa |author=Peterson, Scott |date=2000 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=0415921988 |location=New York |oclc=43287853}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.csmonitor.com/1992/0331/31041.html |title=Khartoum Squatters Forcibly Displaced |date=1992-03-31 |work=The Christian Science Monitor |access-date=2019-03-21 |issn=0882-7729 |archive-date=21 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190321211536/https://www.csmonitor.com/1992/0331/31041.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1992/03/09/world/sudan-is-undeterred-in-drive-to-expel-squatters.html |title=Sudan Is Undeterred in Drive to Expel Squatters |last=Miller |first=Judith |date=1992-03-09 |work=The New York Times |access-date=2019-03-21 |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=2 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200902063209/https://www.nytimes.com/1992/03/09/world/sudan-is-undeterred-in-drive-to-expel-squatters.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
[[File:whiteandblueniles.jpg|thumb|left|Khartoum with White and Blue Niles]]

=== 21st century ===
The sudden death of [[Sudan People's Liberation Army|SPLA]] head and vice-president of Sudan [[John Garang]] in late July 2005, was followed by three days of violent [[Riot|riots]] in the capital. Order was finally restored after southern Sudanese politicians and tribal leaders sent strong messages to the rioters. The death toll was at least 24, as youths from southern Sudan attacked northern Sudanese and clashed with security forces.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/4734517.stm |title=World {{pipe}} Africa {{pipe}} Riots after Sudan VP Garang dies |work=BBC News |date=1 August 2005 |access-date=27 June 2010 |archive-date=23 December 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061223055919/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/4734517.stm |url-status=live }}</ref>

The [[African Union]] summit of 16–24 January 2006 was held in Khartoum;<ref>{{Cite web |last=Staff |title=Decisions & Declarations of the Assembly; African Union |url=https://au.int/decisions/assembly |access-date=2020-07-01 |website=African Union |archive-date=11 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200711080952/https://au.int/decisions/assembly |url-status=live }}</ref> as was the [[Arab League]] summit of 28–29 March 2006, during which they elected Sudan the Arab League presidency.<ref>{{cite book |author=Hiro, Dilip |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ty0uAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT96 |title=A Comprehensive Dictionary of the Middle East |publisher=Olive Branch Press |year=2013 |isbn=978-1566569040 |access-date=1 July 2020 |archive-date=19 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230419233115/https://books.google.com/books?id=ty0uAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT96 |url-status=live }}</ref>

On 10 May 2008, the [[Darfur]] rebel group [[Justice and Equality Movement]] attacked the city with the goal of toppling [[Omar al-Bashir]]'s government. The Sudanese government held off the assault.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?article27076 |title=Curfew in capital as Sudanese army clash near Khartoum with Darfur rebels |work=Sudan Tribune |date=10 May 2008 |access-date=13 May 2008 |archive-date=4 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191104081817/http://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?article27076 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7394033.stm |title=Sudanese rebels 'reach Khartoum' |work=BBC News |date=10 May 2008 |access-date=13 May 2008 |archive-date=18 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190418094122/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7394033.stm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?article27077 |title=PHOTOS: Sudan capital after today's attack from Darfur JEM |work=Sudan Tribune |date=10 May 2008 |access-date=13 May 2008 |archive-date=16 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160416090457/http://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?article27077 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

On 23 October 2012, an [[Yarmouk munitions factory explosion|explosion at the Yarmouk munitions factory]] killed two people and injured another person. The Sudanese government claimed that the explosion was the result of an Israeli airstrike.<ref name="aj25">{{cite news |url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/africa/2012/10/20121024142531802810.html |work=Al Jazeera |date=25 October 2012 |access-date=25 October 2012 |title=Khartoum fire blamed on Israeli bombing |archive-date=14 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190414231902/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/africa/2012/10/20121024142531802810.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

On 3 June 2019, Khartoum was the site of the [[Khartoum massacre]], where over 100 dissidents were murdered (the government said 61 were killed), hundreds more injured and 70 women [[rape]]d by [[Rapid Support Forces]] (RSF) soldiers in order to forcefully disperse the [[2018–19 Sudanese protests|peaceful protests]] calling for a civilian government.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Burke |first1=Jason |last2=Salih |first2=Zeinab Mohammed |date=2019-07-13 |title=Sudanese protesters demand justice following mass killings |language=en-GB |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/jul/13/sudanese-protesters-demand-justice-after-mass-killings |access-date=2020-07-01 |issn=0261-3077 |archive-date=24 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200624140646/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/jul/13/sudanese-protesters-demand-justice-after-mass-killings |url-status=live }}</ref>

On 1 July 2020, activists demanded that al-Zibar Basha street in Khartoum be renamed. [[Al-Zubayr Rahma Mansur]] was a slave trader and the al-Zibar Basha street leads to the military base where the 2019 Khartoum massacre took place.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Burke |first1=Samuel Okiror Jason |last2=Salih |first2=Zeinab Mohammed |date=2020-07-01 |title='Decolonise and rename' streets of Uganda and Sudan, activists urge |language=en-GB |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2020/jul/01/decolonise-and-rename-streets-of-uganda-and-sudan-activists-urge |access-date=2020-07-01 |issn=0261-3077 |archive-date=4 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200704012141/https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2020/jul/01/decolonise-and-rename-streets-of-uganda-and-sudan-activists-urge |url-status=live }}</ref>

On 26 October 2021, the city was locked down following [[2021 Sudanese coup d'état|a military coup]] that left at least 7 dead, triggering protests and calls for a general strike. Prime minister [[Abdalla Hamdok]] was arrested during the coup, and held along with other cabinet members in an unknown location.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Sudan's capital locked down after coup triggers deadly unrest |url=https://www.irishtimes.com/news/world/sudan-s-capital-locked-down-after-coup-triggers-deadly-unrest-1.4710621 |access-date=2021-10-26 |newspaper=The Irish Times |language=en |archive-date=20 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220920173715/https://www.irishtimes.com/news/world/sudan-s-capital-locked-down-after-coup-triggers-deadly-unrest-1.4710621 |url-status=live }}</ref>

On 15 April 2023, [[Sudanese civil war (2023-present)|fighting between the Sudanese Armed Forces and the RSF]] broke out across Sudan, [[Battle of Khartoum (2023)|including in Khartoum]]. Fighting was reported at the presidential palace, the RSF's headquarters, [[Khartoum International Airport]] and [[Merowe Airport]], which the RSF claimed to have captured. The Sudanese Armed Forces regained full control of Khartoum on 26 March 2025.<ref>https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/cx2g0ppj9lyo</ref>

{{wide image|Khartoum panorama-1 - by ScubaBeer.jpg|1200px|align-cap=center|Panorama of Khartoum}}