Editing Kauai (section)

==History==
===Settlement===
It is uncertain when humans discovered the Hawaiian islands. Early archaeological studies suggested that Polynesian explorers from the [[Marquesas Islands]] or [[Society Islands]] may have arrived as early as 600{{nbsp}}AD,<ref>{{cite web |title=Late Quaternary Chronology and Stratigraphy of Twelve Sites On Kaua'i |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/radiocarbon/article/late-quaternary-chronology-and-stratigraphy-of-twelve-sites-on-kauai/9EADDA29279452143391D9B2D9AD2CC4}}</ref> possibly with a second wave arriving from Tahiti around 1100{{nbsp}}AD<ref name="auto">{{cite web |title=Kauai's History |url=https://www.kauai.com/kauai-history |website=Kauai.com |access-date=10 June 2021 |archive-date=10 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210610024805/https://www.kauai.com/kauai-history |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Kauai in History: Hawaii's Oldest Paradise |url=https://makanacharters.com/kauai-in-history-hawaii-oldest-paradise/ |website=Makana Charters and Tours |date=3 March 2020 |publisher=Makana Charters |access-date=10 June 2021 |archive-date=10 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210610024805/https://makanacharters.com/kauai-in-history-hawaii-oldest-paradise/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Later analyses suggest that the first settlers arrived around 900–1200{{nbsp}}AD<ref>{{cite journal |last=Kirch |first=Patrick |title=When did the Polynesians Settle Hawaii? A review of 150 years of scholarly inquiry. |url=https://hdl.handle.net/10524/74851 |journal=Hawaiian Archaeology |volume=12 |pages=3–27 |date=2011|hdl=10524/74851 }}</ref>

===Arrival of James Cook===
[[File:Captain James Cook statue, Waimea, Kauai, Hawaii.JPG|thumb|left|200px|A statue of Captain [[James Cook]] commemorating his landing at Waimea, Kaua{{okina}}i, January 20, 1778]]
In January 1778, [[Kingdom of Great Britain|British]] navigator [[James Cook]] made the [[First contact (anthropology)|first recorded contact]] between any European and the indigenous people of the Hawaiian Islands when he arrived at Kaua{{okina}}i by accident while crossing the Pacific during his [[Third voyage of James Cook|third voyage of exploration]]. The British immediately observed similarities in language and culture between the Kauaians and the parts of Polynesia with which they were already familiar, such as [[Tahiti]]. After some Kauaians were persuaded to board his ship, Cook later wrote:

{{blockquote| I never saw [indigenous people] so astonished at entering a ship. Their eyes were continually flying from object to object, the wildness of their looks and actions fully expressed their surprise and astonishment.
<ref name=Hough>{{Cite book |last=Hough |first=Richard |title=Captain James Cook: a biography |date=1997 |publisher=Norton |isbn=978-0-393-31519-3 |location=New York }}</ref>{{rp|p=312}} }}

Later, while investigating a location for the ships to anchor, a shore party was mobbed by a crowd, a shot was fired, and one Kauaian was killed. The next day, January 20, 1778, the two ships anchored in [[Waimea, Kauai County, Hawaii|Waimea Bay]] on the southwest coast, where the expedition spent days obtaining fresh water and trading for fresh food. The local people especially valued iron: even small amounts, such as a single nail, could be traded for plentiful food supplies. Within two weeks, Cook left the vicinity of the Hawaiian Islands to continue his original mission.<ref name=Hough></ref>{{rp|p=311-315}}<ref name="Kuykendall">{{Cite book |last=Kuykendall |first=Ralph S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nkXREAAAQBAJ&q=the+hawaiian+kingdom |title=The Hawaiian Kingdom 1778-1854 Vol 1 Foundation and Transformation |publisher=University of Hawaii Press |year=1938 |location=Honolulu|isbn=978-0-8248-4322-9 }}</ref>{{rp|p=12-15}}

===Cession to the Kingdom of Hawaii ===
[[File:Kamehameha I, portrait by James Gay Sawkins.jpg|thumb|Kamehameha I, portrait by [[James Gay Sawkins]], based on Louis Choris sketch]]

At the time of Cook's visit, the Hawaiian islands comprised several kingdoms.<ref name="Kuykendall"></ref>{{rp|p=30}} By 1795, the king of Hawaii Island, [[Kamehameha I]], had established the [[Hawaiian Kingdom|Kingdom of Hawaii]], uniting most of the islands, but Kaua{{okina}}i remained independent. Kamehameha tried to conquer Kaua{{okina}}i in 1796, but stormy seas caused the attack from [[Oahu]] to be canceled and he was afterward distracted by events elsewhere. By 1803, Kaua{{okina}}i was ruled by [[Kaumuali{{okina}}i]], who maintained his independence from the Kingdom of Hawaii. A second invasion of Kaua{{okina}}i from Oahu was planned but this too was canceled after an epidemic broke out among Kamehameha's forces. In 1810, a diplomatic agreement was reached whereby Kaumuali{{okina}}i agreed to be Kamehameha's [[vassal]],<ref name="Kuykendall" />{{rp|p=47-50}} and to cede Kaua{{okina}}i to the Kingdom of Hawai{{okina}}i upon his death by making Kamehameha's son his heir.<ref name="Alexander">{{Cite book |last=Alexander|first=W.D. |title=A brief history of the Hawaiian people |publisher=American Book Company |year=1891 |location=New York|pages=155–156,186|url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_Fds3JhdHlnsC/page/n165/mode/2up}}</ref>{{rp|p=155-156, 186}}

===Schäffer affair===
[[File:View on the fortress from a bird's eye view.jpg|thumb|left|Artist's impression of [[Russian Fort Elizabeth]] overlooking Waimea Bay, Kaua{{okina}}i]]

{{Main|Schaffer affair}}
The Schäffer affair was a diplomatic episode instigated in 1815 by [[Georg Anton Schäffer]], a German working with the [[Russian-American Company|Russian American Company]]. While at Kaua{{okina}}i in 1816, Schäffer involved Kaumuali{{okina}}i in "a treasonable design" whereby Kaua{{okina}}i would accept the protection of the [[Russian Empire]] in exchange for exclusive trading privileges. In 1817, [[Russian Fort Elizabeth|a fort was built at Waimea]] and a Russian flag raised over it. But on Kamehameha's orders, and persuaded by other foreign traders, Kaumuali{{okina}}i abandoned his relationship with Schäffer and forced the Russians to leave Kaua{{okina}}i.<ref name="Kuykendall" />{{rp|p=57-58}}

=== Plantations ===
From the 1830s till the mid-20th century, [[plantation]]s of [[sugarcane]] were Kaua{{okina}}i's most important industry. In 1835, the first sugarcane plantation was founded on Kaua{{okina}}i, and for the next century the industry dominated Hawai{{okina}}i's economy.<ref>{{cite web |title=Kauai Plantation Railway – Kauai Sugarcane Plantations |url=http://www.kauaiplantationrailway.com/agplantations.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140329001052/http://www.kauaiplantationrailway.com/agplantations.htm |archive-date=2014-03-29 |access-date=2011-05-08}}</ref> Kaua{{okina}}i's last sugarcane plantation, the 118-year-old Gay & Robinson Plantation, stopped planting sugar in 2008.<ref>{{Cite web |title=About Gay and Robinson in Hawaii |url=http://www.hawaiiforvisitors.com/about/industries/sugar/gay-and-robinson.htm |access-date=2024-04-18 |website=www.hawaiiforvisitors.com}}</ref>

===Old Sugar Mill of Koloa===
{{Main|Old Sugar Mill of Koloa}}
In 1835, Old Koloa Town opened a sugar mill.<ref name="Kauai History">{{cite web |title=Kauai History |url=http://www.gohawaii.com/kauai/about/history |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130719001516/http://www.gohawaii.com/kauai/about/history |archive-date=2013-07-19 |access-date=2012-06-16 |publisher=Hawaiian Tourism Authority}}</ref> From 1906 to 1934 the office of [[County Clerk]] was held by [[John Mahi{{okina}}ai Kāneakua]], who had been active in attempts to restore Queen [[Liliuokalani]] to the throne after the U.S. takeover of Hawai{{okina}}i in 1893.<ref name="The Garden Island">{{cite news |url=http://thegardenisland.com/lifestyles/island_history/john-mahiai-kaneakua/article_9422b456-a4c9-11e2-bdaf-0019bb2963f4.html |archive-url=https://archive.today/20140123125119/http://thegardenisland.com/lifestyles/island_history/john-mahiai-kaneakua/article_9422b456-a4c9-11e2-bdaf-0019bb2963f4.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=January 23, 2014 |title=John Mahiai Kaneakua |date=Aug 10, 2013 |agency=The Garden Island |access-date=15 January 2014 |author=Soboleski, Hank}}</ref>

===Valdemar Knudsen===
[[Valdemar Emil Knudsen]] was a [[Norwegian people|Norwegian]] who arrived on Kaua{{okina}}i in 1857. Knudsen, or "Kanuka", originally managed [[Grove Farm (Lihue, Hawaii)|Grove Farm]] in [[Koloa, Hawaii|Koloa]]. He later sought a warmer land and purchased the leases to Mana and [[Kekaha, Hawaii|Kekaha]], where he became a successful sugarcane plantation owner. He settled in Waiawa, between Mana and Kekaha, immediately across the channel from [[Ni{{okina}}ihau]] Island.<ref>Joesting, Edward (1988). ''Kauai: The Separate Kingdom''. University of Hawaii Press. Pages 198–199. {{ISBN|9780824811624}}.</ref> His son, [[Eric Alfred Knudsen]], was born in Waiawa.

Knudsen was appointed land administrator by [[Kamehameha IV|King Kamehameha]]<!--IV or V?--> for an area covering 400 km<sup>2</sup>, and was given the title ''[[konohiki]]'' as well as a position as a noble under the king. Knudsen, who spoke fluent [[Hawaiian language|Hawaiian]], later became an elected representative and an influential politician.<ref>Lund, Fredrik Larsen (2017). ''Norske utposter''. Vega forlag. Pages 301–302. {{ISBN|978-82-8211-537-7}}.</ref>

Knudsen lends his name to the Knudsen Gap, a narrow pass between Hã’upu Ridge and the Kahili Ridge. Its primary function was as a sugar farm.<ref>Lougheed, Vivien (2007). ''Adventure Guide: Mazatalan and Vicinity''. Hunter Publishing, Inc. Page 250. {{ISBN|9781588435910}}.</ref><ref>Ward, Greg (2002). ''Hawaii''. Rough Guides. Page 472. {{ISBN|9781858287386}}.</ref>

=== Hurricane Iniki ===
{{Excerpt|Hurricane Iniki|paragraphs=1}}

===Mark Zuckerberg===
{{Excerpt|Mark Zuckerberg#Hawaiian land ownership}}