Editing Karnataka (section)

== History ==
{{Main|History of Karnataka|Political history of medieval Karnataka}}
{{For timeline}}
[[File:Mallikarjuna and Kasivisvanatha temples at Pattadakal.jpg|left|thumb|alt=Photo of brown cone-topped temple ruins|Mallikarjuna temple and Kashi Vishwanatha temple at [[Pattadakal]], built successively by the kings of the [[Chalukya Empire]] and [[Rashtrakuta Empire]], is a [[UNESCO World Heritage Site]].]]
Karnataka's pre-history goes back to a [[Paleolithic]] hand-axe culture evidenced by discoveries of, among other things, [[hand axe]]s and [[Cleaver (tool)|cleavers]] in the region.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Recent findings on the Acheulian of the Hunsgi and Baichbal valleys, Karnataka, with special reference to the Isampur excavation and its dating |author=Paddayya, K. |journal=Current Science |volume=83 |issue=5 |pages=641–648 |date=10 September 2002|display-authors=etal}}</ref> Evidence of [[Neolithic]] and [[megalithic]] cultures have also been found in the state. Gold discovered in [[Harappa]] was found to be imported from mines in Karnataka, prompting scholars to hypothesise about contacts between ancient Karnataka and the [[Indus Valley Civilisation]] {{Circa|3300 BCE}}.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://metalrg.iisc.ernet.in/~wootz/heritage/K-hertage.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070121024542/http://metalrg.iisc.ernet.in/~wootz/heritage/K-hertage.htm |archive-date=21 January 2007 |title=THE Golden Heritage of Karnataka |author=S. Ranganathan |work=Department of Metallurgy |publisher=Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore |access-date=7 June 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ancientindia.co.uk/staff/resources/background/bg16/home.html |title=Trade |access-date=6 May 2007 |publisher=[[The British Museum]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070526202851/http://www.ancientindia.co.uk/staff/resources/background/bg16/home.html |archive-date=26 May 2007}}</ref>

Prior to the third century BCE, most of Karnataka formed part of the [[Mauryan Empire]] of [[Emperor Ashoka]]. Four centuries of [[Satavahana Dynasty|Satavahana]] rule followed, allowing them to control large areas of Karnataka. The decline of Satavahana power led to the rise of the earliest native kingdoms, the [[Kadambas]] and the [[Western Gangas]], marking the region's emergence as an independent political entity. The [[Kadamba Dynasty]], founded by [[Mayurasharma]], had its capital at [[Banavasi]];<ref name="origin">From the [[Talagunda]] inscription (B. L. Rice in Kamath (2001), p. 30.)</ref><ref name="origin1">Moares (1931), p. 10.</ref> the [[Western Ganga Dynasty]] was formed with [[Talakad]] as its capital.<ref name="gan">Adiga and Sheik Ali in Adiga (2006), p. 89.</ref><ref name="gan1">Ramesh (1984), pp. 1–2.</ref>

These were also the first kingdoms to use [[Kannada]] in administration, as evidenced by the [[Halmidi inscription]] and a fifth-century copper coin discovered at Banavasi.<ref name="first">From the Halmidi inscription (Ramesh 1984, pp. 10–11.)</ref><ref name="hal">Kamath (2001), p. 10.</ref> These dynasties were followed by imperial Kannada empires such as the [[Badami Chalukyas]],<ref name="cha">The Chalukyas hailed from present-day Karnataka (Keay (2000), p. 168.)</ref><ref name="cha1">The Chalukyas were native ''[[Kannadigas]]'' (N. Laxminarayana Rao and S. C. Nandinath in Kamath (2001), p. 57.)</ref> the [[Rashtrakuta Dynasty|Rashtrakuta Empire of Manyakheta]]<ref name="rash">Altekar (1934), pp. 21–24.</ref><ref name="rash1">Masica (1991), pp. 45–46.</ref> and the [[Western Chalukya Empire]],<ref name="west">Balagamve in Mysore territory was an early power centre (Cousens (1926), pp. 10, 105.)</ref><ref name="west1">Tailapa II, the founder king was the governor of Tardavadi in modern Bijapur district, under the Rashtrakutas (Kamath (2001), p. 101.).</ref> which ruled over large parts of the [[Deccan Plateau|Deccan]] and had their capitals in what is now Karnataka. The Western Chalukyas patronised a unique style of [[Western Chalukya Architecture|architecture]] and Kannada [[Western Chalukya literature|literature]] which became a precursor to the [[Hoysala]] art of the 12th century.<ref name="unique">Kamath (2001), p. 115.</ref><ref name="flow">Foekema (2003), p. 9.</ref> Parts of modern-day Southern Karnataka (Gangavadi) were occupied by the [[Chola Empire]] at the turn of the 11th century.<ref name="A History of South India">Sastri (1955), p.164</ref> The Cholas and the Hoysalas fought over the region in the early 12th century before it eventually came under Hoysala rule.<ref name="A History of South India" />

At the turn of the first millennium, the [[Hoysala Empire|Hoysalas]] gained power in the region. [[Hoysala literature|Literature]] flourished during this time, which led to the emergence of distinctive Kannada [[Meter (music)|literary metres]], and the construction of temples and sculptures adhering to the [[Vesara]] style of architecture.<ref name="sang1">Kamath (2001), pp. 132–134.</ref><ref name="sang">Sastri (1955), pp. 358–359, 361.</ref><ref name="chenna">Foekema (1996), p. 14.</ref><ref name="chenna1">Kamath (2001), pp. 122–124.</ref> The expansion of the Hoysala Empire brought minor parts of modern [[Andhra Pradesh]] and [[Tamil Nadu]] under its rule. In the early 14th century, [[Harihara I|Harihara]] and [[Bukka Raya]] established the [[Vijayanagara empire]] with its capital, ''Hosapattana'' (later named [[Vijayanagara]]), on the banks of the Tungabhadra River in the modern Bellary district. Under the rule of [[Krishnadevaraya]], a distinct form of [[Vijayanagara literature|literature]] and [[Vijayanagara architecture|architecture]] evolved.<ref>{{Cite book |author=Kāmat, Sūryanātha |title=A concise history of Karnataka: from pre-historic times to the present |oclc=993095629}}</ref><ref>Prof K.A.N. Sastri, ''History of South India'' pp 355–366</ref> The empire rose as a bulwark against Muslim advances into South India, which it completely controlled for over two centuries.<ref name="vij">Kamath (2001), pp. 157–160.</ref><ref name="vij1">Kulke and Rothermund (2004), p. 188.</ref> In 1537,  [[Kempe Gowda I]], a chieftain of the Vijayanagara Empire, widely held as the founder of modern Bengaluru, built a [[Bangalore Fort|fort]] and established the area around it as [[Bengaluru Pete]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 July 2003 |title=The Hindu: A grand dream |url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2002/07/18/stories/2002071800480200.htm |access-date=27 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030701030020/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2002/07/18/stories/2002071800480200.htm |archive-date=1 July 2003}}</ref>

In 1565, Karnataka and the rest of South India experienced a major geopolitical shift when the Vijayanagara empire fell to a [[Deccan sultanates|confederation of Islamic sultanates]] in the [[Battle of Talikota]].<ref name="bin">Kamath (2001), pp. 190–191.</ref> The [[Bijapur Sultanate]], which had risen after the demise of the [[Bahmani Sultanate]] of Bidar, soon took control of much of the Deccan; it was defeated by the [[Mughal Empire|Mughals]] in the late 17th century.<ref name="conf">Kamath (2001), p. 201.</ref><ref name="erst">Kamath (2001), p. 202.</ref> The Bahmani and Bijapur rulers encouraged Urdu and Persian literature and [[Indo-Saracenic]] architecture, the [[Gol Gumbaz]] being one of the high points of this style.<ref name="gol">Kamath (2001), p. 207.</ref> During the sixteenth century, [[Konkani people|Konkani]] Hindus migrated to Karnataka, mostly from [[Salcette]], [[Goa]],<ref name="konk">{{cite book |last=Jain |first=Dhanesh |author2=Cardona, George |title=The Indo-Aryan languages |editor=Jain, Dhanesh |editor2=Cardona, George |publisher=Routledge |year=2003 |series=Routledge language family series |volume=2 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=jPR2OlbTbdkC&pg=PA757 757] |isbn=978-0-7007-1130-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jPR2OlbTbdkC&pg=PP1}}</ref> while during the seventeenth and eighteenth century, [[Goan Catholics]] migrated to [[North Canara]] and [[South Canara]], especially from [[Bardez|Bardes]], Goa, as a result of food shortages, epidemics and heavy taxation imposed by the [[Portuguese people|Portuguese]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Pinto |first=Pius Fidelis |author-link=Pius Fidelis Pinto |publisher=Samanvaya Prakashan |location=Mangalore |year=1999 |title=History of Christians in coastal Karnataka, 1500–1763 A.D. |page=124}}</ref>

In the period that followed, parts of northern Karnataka were ruled by the [[Nizam of Hyderabad]], the [[Maratha Confederacy|Maratha Empire]], the [[British Raj|British]], and other powers.<ref>A History of India by [[Burton Stein]] p.190</ref> In the south, the [[Mysore Kingdom]], a former [[vassal]] of the Vijayanagara Empire, was briefly independent.<ref name="ind">Kamath (2001), p. 171.</ref> With the death of [[Krishnaraja Wodeyar II]], [[Haidar Ali]], the commander-in-chief of the Mysore army, gained control of the region. After his death, the kingdom was inherited by his son [[Tipu Sultan]].<ref name="tip">Kamath (2001), pp. 171, 173, 174, 204.</ref> To contain European expansion in South India, Haidar Ali and later Tipu Sultan fought four significant [[Anglo-Mysore Wars]], the last of which resulted in Tippu Sultan's death and the incorporation of Mysore into [[Company rule in India|British India]] in 1799.<ref name="tip1">Kamath (2001), pp. 231–234.</ref> Mysore was restored to the Wodeyars, and the [[Kingdom of Mysore]] became a [[princely state]] outside but in a [[subsidiary alliance]] with [[British India]].<ref name="tip" />

[[File:karnataka declaration.jpg|thumb|left|Chief Minister [[D. Devaraj Urs|Devaraj Urs]] announcing the new name of the Mysore state as 'Karnataka']]
As the "[[doctrine of lapse]]" gave way to dissent and resistance from princely states across the country, [[Kittur Chennamma]], Queen of [[Kittur]], her military leader [[Sangolli Rayanna]], and others, spearheaded rebellions in part of what is now Karnataka in 1830, nearly three decades before the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]]. However, Kitturu was taken over by the British [[East India Company]] even before the doctrine was officially articulated by Lord Dalhousie in 1848.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/printrelease.aspx?relid=148944 |title=Rani Chennamma of Kittur |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170418163405/http://pib.nic.in/newsite/printrelease.aspx?relid=148944 |archive-date=18 April 2017}}</ref> Other uprisings followed, such as the ones at [[Joida|Supa]], [[Bagalkot]], [[Shorapur]], [[Nargund]] and [[Dandeli]]. These rebellions—which coincided with the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]]—were led by Mundargi Bhimarao, [[Bhaskar Rao Bhave]], the Halagali Bedas, [[Raja Venkatappa Nayaka]] and others. By the late 19th century, the independence movement had gained momentum; Karnad Sadashiva Rao, [[Aluru Venkata Raya]], [[S. Nijalingappa]], [[Kengal Hanumanthaiah]], [[Nittoor Srinivasa Rau]] and others carried on the struggle into the early 20th century.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.deccanherald.com/Content/May202007/sundayherald200705192574.asp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080602004353/http://www.deccanherald.com/Content/May202007/sundayherald200705192574.asp |archive-date=2 June 2008 |title=The rising in the south |publisher=The Printers (Mysore) Private Limited |date=20 May 2007 |access-date=20 July 2007 |first=Suryanath |last=Kamath}}</ref>

After the [[Indian independence movement|independence of British India]], the Maharaja, [[Jayachamarajendra Wodeyar]], signed an [[instrument of accession]] to accede his state to the new India. In 1950, Mysore became an Indian state of the same name; the former Maharaja served as its ''Rajpramukh'' (head of state) until 1975. Following the long-standing demand of the [[Unification of Karnataka|Ekikarana Movement]], Kodagu- and Kannada-speaking regions from the adjoining states of Madras, Hyderabad and Bombay were incorporated into the Mysore state, under the [[States Reorganisation Act]] of 1956. The thus expanded state was renamed Karnataka, seventeen years later, on 1 November 1973.<ref name="Unification">{{cite news |url=http://archive.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/images/Rajyotsava12352120051031.asp |title=History in the making |newspaper=[[Deccan Herald]] |date=1 November 2005 |first=Prem Paul |last=Ninan |access-date=24 July 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222111458/http://archive.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/images/Rajyotsava12352120051031.asp |archive-date=22 December 2015}}</ref> In the early 1900s through the post-independence era, industrial visionaries such as Sir [[Mokshagundam Visvesvarayya]], played an important role in the development of Karnataka's strong manufacturing and industrial base.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Gowda |first=Chandan |date=15 September 2010 |title=Visvesvaraya, an engineer of modernity |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/Visvesvaraya-an-engineer-of-modernity/article15926009.ece |access-date=17 December 2021 |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=17 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211217021541/https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/Visvesvaraya-an-engineer-of-modernity/article15926009.ece |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>Gupta, Jyoti Bhusan Das, ed. (2007). ''Science, Technology, Imperialism and War''. History of Science, Philosophy and Culture in Indian Civilization. XV(1). Pearson Longman. p. 247.</ref>