Editing Kampala (section)

== History ==
{{For timeline}}
[[File:Uganda. Kampala. The city from Cathedral Hill LOC matpc.00324.jpg|thumb|left|Kampala, the city from Cathedral Hill in 1936.]]
This area of numerous hills and swamps that later become known as Kampala was part of the core of the highly centralised [[Buganda Kingdom]]. It was also the site of the shifting ''Kibuga'' (capital) of the different ''Bassekabaka'' (kings) of the Buganda Kingdom, with each ''[[Kabaka of Buganda|Kabaka]]'' (king) upon coronation, or subsequently during their reign, setting up their ''Kibuga'' (capital) on a new and or different hill as they wished or desired.{{Citation needed|date=December 2024}}

===19th century===
The first written description of this ''Kibuga'' (capital) was by the explorer [[Sir Richard Burton]] in his book, ''The Lake Region of East Africa'', published in 1860. In the book, Burton, relying on the information collected by Snay Bin Amir, an Arab trader, described the ''Kibuga'' as:

{{Blockquote|text=…the settlement is not less than a [[day's journey]] in length, the buildings are of cane and rattan. The sultan's (Kabaka) palace is at least a mile long and the circular huts neatly arranged in a line are surrounded by a strong fence which has only four gates.}}

In 1862, when explorer [[John Speke]] arrived in Buganda, the ''Kibuga'' (capital) was at Bandabarogo, present-day [[Banda, Uganda|Banda Hill]], and the reigning ''Kabaka'' (King) was [[Mutesa I of Buganda|Mutesa&nbsp;I]].<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://archive.org/details/journaldiscover02spekgoog/page/n280 | title=Journal of the Discovery of the Source of the Nile| publisher=Harper| year=1864}}</ref>

In 1875, explorer [[Henry Morton Stanley]] reported the capital as being at present-day [[Lubaga]] Hill, where he met the same ''Kabaka'', {{nowrap|Mutesa I.}}
During this visit, Stanley wrote a letter that was published in ''[[The Daily Telegraph]]'', inviting missionaries to come to Buganda. He also described the ''Kibuga'' in his 1870s dispatches to ''[[The New York Herald]]'', thus:

{{Blockquote|text=As we approached the capital, the highway from Usavara [Busabala] increased in width from {{convert|20|ft|m|0|abbr=in|disp=sqbr|sp=us}} to {{convert|150|ft|m|abbr=in|disp=sqbr|sp=us|round=5}}...Arrived at the capital I found the vast collection of huts crowning the eminence were the Royal Quarters, around which ran several palisades and circular courts, between which and the city was a circular road, ranging from {{convert|100|ft|m|0|abbr=in|disp=sqbr|sp=us}} to {{convert|200|ft|m|abbr=in|disp=sqbr|sp=us|round=5}}  in width with gardens and huts...|source=Bennet, N.R. (ed.) ''Stanley's Dispatches to the New York Herald'', 1871–1872, 1874–1877, Boston, 1970.}}

In 1877, the first missionaries from the [[Church Mission Society]], who were of the Protestant faith, arrived from the [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|United Kingdom]] and were allocated [[Namirembe Hill]]. Two years later, in 1879, the Catholic [[White Fathers]] also arrived, first settling at the present-day village of Kitebi near Lubaga; subsequently, they would be allocated [[Lubaga]] Hill. The arrival of these two missionary groups laid the ground for the religious wars of 1888 to 1892 between their new converts and forced the missionaries from [[Great Britain]] to then lobby for the British government to take over Buganda/Uganda as a protectorate.{{citation needed|date=July 2022}}

In 1890, [[Frederick Lugard]], an agent of the [[Imperial British East Africa Company]], arrived in Buganda during the reign of [[Mwanga II of Buganda|Kabaka Mwanga&nbsp;II]], with whom he signed a treaty of protection by the British government over Buganda, and the ''Kibuga'' (capital) was located at [[Mengo, Uganda|Mengo]] Hill. [[Captain (British Army)|Captain]] Lugard would, later on, be allocated the Kampala hill that would soon be known as [[Old Kampala]], and on which he built a fort.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Monteith |first=William |date=11 December 2017 |title=Markets and monarchs: indigenous urbanism in postcolonial Kampala |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/2201473X.2017.1409402 |journal=Settler Colonial Studies |volume=9 |issue=2 |pages=247–265 |doi=10.1080/2201473X.2017.1409402|s2cid=158135082 }}</ref>

In 1895, [[Mengo Senior School]], the first school offering Western education in Kampala, was opened by the [[Church Missionary Society]] at [[Namirembe hill]], where mostly the children of chiefs and pages of the royal palaces were students.{{Citation needed|date=December 2024}}

In 1897, Mwanga launched a rebellion but was defeated and was subsequently captured and [[exile]]d, in 1899, to [[the Seychelles]] alongside Omukama [[Kabalega]], and his 3-year-old son was made ''[[Kabaka]]'' by the combined forces of the European officers leading Nubian and Baganda [[Colonial troops|colonial soldiers]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/SpecialReports/ugandaat50/1370466-1379638-14dfxax/index.html|title=The betrayal and capture of Mwanga and Kabalega|website=Daily Monitor|access-date=2019-10-30}}</ref> This state of affairs later culminated in the signing of the [[Buganda Agreement (1900)]] that formalised British colonial rule in Buganda.{{Citation needed|date=December 2024}}

Also in 1897, Kampala's first Western-style health facility, [[Mengo Hospital]], was opened on [[Namirembe]] hill by British doctor and missionary [[Albert Ruskin Cook|Sir Albert Ruskin Cook]]. In addition, Sir Albert Ruskin Cook founded [[Mulago Hospital]], the current National Referral Hospital, at [[Mulago]] hill in 1913.<ref>{{Cite web |title=MULAGO NATIONAL REFERRAL HOSPITAL - |url=https://mulagohospital.go.ug/#:~:text=Mulago%20National%20Referral%20Hospital%20(MNRH,for%20tertiary%20healthcare%20in%20Uganda. |access-date=2025-02-13 |website=mulagohospital.go.ug}}</ref>

In 1899, the [[Missionary Sisters of Our Lady of Africa]] founded [[Lubaga Hospital]] on [[Lubaga]] Hill.{{Citation needed|date=December 2024}}

===20th century===
In 1900, the regents of the infant ''[[Kabaka]]'' [[Daudi Cwa II of Buganda|Daudi Cwa II]] (who were [[Apolo Kagwa]], the ''[[Katikiro]]'' (Prime Minister) of Buganda, Stanislaus Mugwanya, the ''Mulamuzi'' (Chief Judge) of Buganda, and Zakaria Kisingiri, the ''Muwanika'' (Chief Treasurer) of Buganda, with [[Bishop]] [[Alfred Tucker]]), signed the [[Buganda Agreement]] on behalf of Buganda with [[Sir Harry Johnston]], who signed on behalf of the [[Government of the United Kingdom|British government]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/SpecialReports/ugandaat50/1370466-1387958-14e15y2/index.html|title=The great Buganda land grab of 1900|website=Daily Monitor|access-date=2019-10-27}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Townsmen In The Making, Kampala and its suburbs|last1=Gutkind|first1=P.C.W|last2=Southall|first2=A.W|publisher=East African Institute Of Social Research|year=1957|isbn=978-0013388883|location=Kampala|pages=4}}</ref> 
This agreement with Sir Harry Johnston created new land tenures such as freehold, [[the Crown|Crown]] land, and [[mailo]], and divided up and allocated the land in such a way that would come to define the development of Kampala.{{Citation needed|date=December 2024}}
 
The land in [[Buganda]]'s ''Kibuga'' (capital), including [[Mengo, Uganda|Mengo]] Hill and [[Makerere]] Hill, was allocated to the young ''[[Kabaka]]'', the Baganda colonial collaborators, etc., under mailo and freehold. The religious missions were also formally allocated land they were previously occupying. Thus, the Catholic [[White Fathers]] got [[Lubaga]] Hill, the Protestant [[Church Missionary Society]] got [[Namirembe]] Hill, the Muslims under Prince Nuhu Mbogo's leadership received [[Kibuli]] Hill, the [[Catholic Church in England and Wales|British Catholic]] [[Saint Joseph's Missionary Society of Mill Hill|Mill Hill Missionaries]] received most of [[Nsambya]] Hill. The [[Uganda Protectorate]] government obtained land classified as Crown lands in the area such as [[Old Kampala]] Hill, [[Nakasero]] Hill, etc.{{Citation needed|date=December 2024}}

To legalise the above changes, the following laws and ordinances were subsequently passed: The Crown lands Ordinance of 1903, The Land Law of 1908, The Registration of Land Titles ordinance of 1922, and the Busulu and Envujo law of 1928.<ref>Mukwaya, A.B (1953). "The Land Tenure System in Buganda: Present day Tendencies". The Eagle Press. pp.1–22.</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://makir.mak.ac.ug/bitstream/handle/10570/2733/Land-tenure-in-Buganda.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200802191103/http://makir.mak.ac.ug/bitstream/handle/10570/2733/Land-tenure-in-Buganda.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y|url-status=dead|archive-date=2020-08-02|title=Land Tenure in Buganda: Present Day Practices|last=Mukwaya|first=A.B|date=1953|website=Makerere University|access-date=27 October 2019}}</ref>

In 1906, the Crown lands consisting of Old Kampala, Nakasero hills etc. and covering {{convert|567|ha|km2 acre}} was consolidated and gazetted as Kampala Township.{{citation needed|date=June 2022}}

In 1912, Kampala Township received its first land-use plan and had a European and Asian population of 2,850.<ref>Nyakwebara, C (2010). "Chronology of Planning in Kampala: Implications for Future Structure Planning". The Urban Planning Magazine. No. 1. pp. 3–6.</ref>

In 1922, Kampala's oldest university, [[Makerere University|Makerere]], was founded as the Uganda Technical College at the present Makerere Hill and initially offered carpentry, building construction, mechanics, arts, education, agriculture, and medicine.

In 1930, the first sewerage plan was prepared to target a population of 20,000 people in the [[Nakasero]] and [[Old Kampala]] areas of the Kampala township. This plan guided sewerage development from 1936 to 1940 in planned urban areas of the Kampala Township and excluded the ''Kibuga'' area occupied by the [[Baganda]] and other natives.<ref>{{cite journal | last=Nilsson | first=David | title=A heritage of unsustainability? Reviewing the origin of the large-scale water and sanitation system in Kampala, Uganda | journal=Environment and Urbanization | publisher=SAGE Publications | volume=18 | issue=2 | year=2006 | issn=0956-2478 | doi=10.1177/0956247806069618 | pages=369–385| doi-access=free | bibcode=2006EnUrb..18..369N }}</ref>
[[File:Uganda. Kampala. Imperial Hotel LOC matpc.17441.jpg|thumb|Kampala. The Imperial Hotel in 1936.]]

In 1931, the [[Uganda Railway]] line reached Kampala, connecting Kampala to [[Mombasa Port]], thirty-five years after the commencement of its construction.<ref>{{cite web | last=Lubega | first=Henry | title=History of Uganda Railway | website=Daily Monitor | date=2015-04-18 | url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/Magazines/PeoplePower/History--Uganda--Railway/689844-2689814-ojyae0z/index.html | access-date=2019-08-27}}</ref>

In 1938, The East African Power & Lighting Company was granted a licence for thermal electric power generation and distribution for the towns of Kampala and [[Entebbe]], and in the same year [[Philip Mitchell (colonial administrator)|Sir Philip Mitchel]], the [[Governor of Uganda]], switched on Kampala and Uganda's first electric [[street lights]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Gore|first=Christopher D.|title=Electricity in Africa: The Politics of Transformation in Uganda|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5bM4DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA34|year=2017|publisher=Boydell & Brewer|isbn=978-1-84701-168-8|page=34}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | last=Mugabe | first=Faustin | title=110 years of electricity in Uganda | website=Daily Monitor | date=2018-04-20 | url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/SpecialReports/110-years-electricity-Uganda/688342-4491242-pdxww5z/index.html | access-date=2019-08-27}}</ref>

In 1945, [[Ernst May]], a German architect, was commissioned by the [[Uganda Protectorate]] Government to design a new physical plan for Kampala. Ernst May's plan of 1947 was intended to extend Kampala eastwards covering [[Kololo]] Hill and [[Naguru, Uganda|Naguru]] Hill, and with the commercial centre on the southern slopes of [[Nakasero]] Hill, an industrial zone in the southeast of Kampala, and, for the first time, a planned residential zone for the Ugandan natives.<ref name="auto1">{{cite book|last1=Pinther|first1=Kerstin|last2=Förster|first2=Larissa|last3=Hanussek|first3=Christian|title=Afropolis: City Media Art|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9lcn62brtGQC&pg=PA59|year=2012|publisher=Jacana Media|isbn=978-1-4314-0325-7|page=59}}</ref> The plan was never fully implemented, and in 1951 the third physical plan by [[Henry Kendall (urban planner)|Henry Kendall]] was instead adopted, though it incorporated some elements of Ernst May's 1947 plan.<ref name="Folkers, Antoni S. 2019 p. 61">Folkers, Antoni S. et al. (2019). "Modern Architecture in Africa: Practical Encounters with Intricate African Modernity". Springer. 1st Ed. p. 61.</ref>
[[File:Uganda Printers Kampala 1950s.jpg|thumb|left|Kampala in 1950s]]
Henry Kendall's 1951 plan expanded Kampala from the {{convert|5.67|km2|sqmi|abbr=in}} area of the 1930 plan to an area of {{convert|28|km2|sqmi|abbr=in}} incorporating areas like [[Kololo]] Hill, and the Industrial Area. However, like the first two planning schemes, the 1951 plan failed to achieve many of its stated objectives.<ref name="Folkers, Antoni S. 2019 p. 61"/>

On 9 October 1962, [[Uganda]] gained independence; subsequently the capital city was transferred from [[Entebbe]] to Kampala and in the same year, Kampala was granted [[city status]].{{Citation needed|date=December 2024}}

In 1968, six years after Uganda attained independence, the boundaries of Kampala were expanded incorporating the ''Kibuga'' (then known as Mengo Municipality), Kawempe and Nakawa Townships, and areas including Muyenga and Ggaba.<ref name="auto2">{{Cite book|url=http://www.rrojasdatabank.info/kampala.pdf|title=Situation Analysis of Informal Settlements in Kampala|publisher=United Nations Human Settlements Programme|year=2007}}</ref> This increased the administrative area of Kampala from {{convert|28|km2|sqmi|abbr=in}} to the current {{convert|189|km2|sqmi|abbr=in}}.{{Citation needed|date=December 2024}}

In 1972, the fourth physical plan for Kampala was made covering the newly incorporated areas of Kampala's boundary extensions of 1968, but the subsequent political and economic turmoil of the 1970s and 1980s meant the plan was never implemented.<ref name="auto2" /><ref>{{Cite conference|last1=Omolo-Okalebo|first1=Fredrick|last2=Sengendo|first2=Hannington|date=Jan–Feb 2011|title=Perspectives on City Planning of Post Independence Kampala: The Emergence of the Metropolitan Growth Model and the Hexagonal Cell|url=https://news.mak.ac.ug/documents/Makfiles/aet2011/Omolo.pdf|conference=Second International Conference on Advances in Engineering and Technology|pages=64–71|access-date=2019-08-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130210143645/http://news.mak.ac.ug/documents/Makfiles/aet2011/Omolo.pdf|archive-date=2013-02-10|url-status=dead}}</ref>

The [[Battle of Kampala]] during the [[Ugandan Bush War]] occurred in January 1986. It resulted in the capture of the city by the [[National Resistance Movement]], led by [[Yoweri Museveni]] and the subsequent surrender of the [[Ugandan government]].{{Citation needed|date=December 2024}}

Similarly, the fifth physical plan for Kampala, made in 1994, like the 1972 plan, was also never implemented.<ref>{{Cite thesis |title=Participatory physical planning in Uganda: investigation on public participation processes during the preperation of the 1994 Kampala structure plan |url=http://makir.mak.ac.ug/handle/10570/4029 |publisher=Makerere University |date=June 2012 |degree=Thesis |language=en |first=Miriam |last=Lawino}}</ref>

===21st century===
In 2010, the [[Kampala Capital City Authority]] Act was enacted, giving the Ugandan Government more control of the administration of Kampala. The act also created the Kampala Metropolitan Physical Planning Authority with the stated aims of improving the infrastructure of the City of Kampala and the surrounding districts of [[Wakiso District|Wakiso]], [[Mukono District|Mukono]], [[Buikwe District|Buikwe]], [[Mpigi District|Mpigi]] and [[Luweero District|Luwero]].<ref>{{cite web | title=Kampala Capital City Act, 2010 | website=Uganda Legal Information Institute | date=2010-12-28 | url=https://ulii.org/ug/legislation/act/2015/1-8 | access-date=2019-08-27 | archive-date=2019-08-23 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190823201202/https://ulii.org/ug/legislation/act/2015/1-8 | url-status=dead }}</ref>

On 11 July 2010, suicide bombers affiliated with [[al-Shabaab (militant group)|al-Shabaab]], a Sunni [[Islamism|Islamist]] group based in [[Somalia]], carried out [[2010 Kampala bombings|two nearly simultaneous bombings in Kampala]], killing 74 people.<ref>{{Citation |last=Boyle |first=Emma Leonard |title=Eleven years since the Kampala world cup bombings: what we remember and why |date=2023-03-30 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003377863-23 |work=9/11 Twenty Years On |pages=94–97 |access-date=2024-01-12 |place=London |publisher=Routledge |doi=10.4324/9781003377863-23 |isbn=978-1-003-37786-3}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite news |title=Jihadists in Congo are extending their reach in the region |url=https://www.economist.com/middle-east-and-africa/2023/06/22/jihadists-in-congo-are-extending-their-reach-in-the-region |access-date=2024-01-12 |newspaper=The Economist |issn=0013-0613}}</ref> After eleven years of relative calm, on 16 November 2021, the [[Allied Democratic Forces]] (ADF), an Islamist group based in [[Republic of the Congo|eastern Congo]] with ties to the [[Islamic State]], carried out [[2021 Uganda bombings|two suicide bombings]] near the central police station and parliament, killing three people and injuring 36.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ntale |first=Tim Lister, Ruba Alhenawi, Hande Atay Alam, Samson |date=2021-11-17 |title=Islamic State claims responsibility for Uganda bombings |url=https://www.cnn.com/2021/11/17/africa/uganda-islamic-state-bombing-intl-hnk/index.html |access-date=2024-01-12 |website=CNN }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-11-16 |title=Uganda Police Say Three Killed, 33 Injured in Twin Suicide Bombings |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/deadly-explosions-near-uganda-s-parliament-central-police-station/6315067.html |access-date=2024-01-12 |website=Voice of America }}</ref><ref name=":3" />