Editing Kaddish (section)

== Text ==

The following includes the Half, Complete, Mourner's and Rabbis' Kaddish. The variant lines of the Great Kaddish are given below, as well as [[Nusach (Jewish custom)|variants used by some Jewish communities]].

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:100%; vertical-align:top;"
|-
! #
! English translation
! [[Romanization of Hebrew|Transliteration]]
! Aramaic 
|-
| 1
| Exalted and [[Kiddush Hashem|sanctified]]<sup>[[#textnote b|b]]</sup> be [[Names of God in Judaism|His great name]]<sup>[[#textnote a|a]]</sup>
| ''Yitgaddal veyitqaddash shmeh rabba''
| {{Script/Hebrew|יִתְגַּדַּל וְיִתְקַדַּשׁ שְׁמֵהּ רַבָּא}}
|-
| 2
| In the world which He created according to His will!
| ''Beʻalma di vra khir'uteh''
| {{Script/Hebrew|בְּעָלְמָא דִּי בְרָא כִרְעוּתֵהּ}}
|-
| 3
| May He establish His kingdom
| ''Veyamlikh malkhuteh''
| {{Script/Hebrew|וְיַמְלִיךְ מַלְכוּתֵהּ}}
|- Style="background:#eee;"
| 4
| And may His salvation blossom and [[Jewish messianism|His anointed]] be near<sup>[[#textnote a|a]][[#textnote d|d]]</sup>
| ''[Veyatzmaḥ purqaneh viqarev (qetz) meshiḥeh]''
| {{Script/Hebrew|וְיַצְמַח פֻּרְקָנֵהּ וִיקָרֵב (קֵץ) מְשִׁיחֵהּ}}
|-
| 5
| During your lifetime and during your days
| ''Beḥayeikhon uvyomeikhon''
| {{Script/Hebrew|בְּחַיֵּיכוֹן וּבְיוֹמֵיכוֹן}}
|-
| 6
| And during the lifetimes of all the [[House of Israel]],
| ''Uvḥaye dekhol bet yisrael''
| {{Script/Hebrew|וּבְחַיֵּי דְכָל בֵּית יִשְׂרָאֵל}}
|-
| 7
| Speedily and very soon! And say, [[Amen]].<sup>[[#textnote a|a]]</sup>
| ''Baʻagala uvizman qariv veʼimru amen''
| {{Script/Hebrew|בַּעֲגָלָא וּבִזְמַן קָרִיב. וְאִמְרוּ אָמֵן}}
|-
| Colspan=4 style="padding-left: 3em" |''The next two lines are recited by the congregation and then the leader:''
|-
| 8
| May His great name be blessed
| ''Yehei shmeih rabba mevorakh''
| {{Script/Hebrew|יְהֵא שְׁמֵהּ רַבָּא מְבָרַךְ}}
|-
| 9
| For ever, and to all eternity!
| ''Leʻalam ulʻalme ʻalmaya''
| {{Script/Hebrew|לְעָלַם וּלְעָלְמֵי עָלְמַיָּא}}
|-
| 10
| Blessed and praised, glorified and exalted,
| ''Yitbarakh veyishtabbaḥ veyitpa'ar veyitromam''
| {{Script/Hebrew|יִתְבָּרַךְ וְיִשְׁתַּבַּח וְיִתְפָּאַר וְיִתְרוֹמַם}}
|-
| 11
| Extolled and honoured, adored and lauded
| ''Veyitnasse veyithaddar veyitʻalleh veyithallal''
| {{Script/Hebrew|וְיִתְנַשֵּׂא וְיִתְהַדָּר וְיִתְעַלֶּה וְיִתְהַלָּל}}
|-
| 12
| Be the name of the Holy One, blessed be He,<sup>[[#textnote a|a]]</sup>
| ''Shmeh dequdsha berikh hu.''
| {{Script/Hebrew|שְׁמֵהּ דְקֻדְשָׁא בְּרִיךְ הוּא.}}
|-
| 13
| Above and beyond all the blessings,
| ''Leʻella (lʻella mikkol) min kol birkhata''
| {{Script/Hebrew|לְעֵלָּא (לְעֵלָּא מִכָּל) מִן כָּל בִּרְכָתָא}}
|-
| 14
| Hymns, praises and consolations
| ''Veshirata tushbeḥata veneḥemata''
| {{Script/Hebrew|וְשִׁירָתָא תֻּשְׁבְּחָתָא וְנֶחֱמָתָא}}
|-
| 15
| That are uttered in the world! And say, Amen.<sup>[[#textnote a|a]]</sup>
| ''Da'amiran beʻalma veʼimru amen''
| {{Script/Hebrew|דַּאֲמִירָן בְּעָלְמָא. וְאִמְרוּ אָמֵן}}
|-
| Colspan=4 style="padding-left: 3em" | ''The half kaddish ends here.''
|- Style="background:#ffe;"
| Colspan=4 style="padding-left: 3em" | ''Here the "complete kaddish" includes:''
|- Style="background:#ffe;"
| 16
| <sup>[[#textnote e|e]]</sup>May the prayers and supplications
| ''Titqabbal tzelotehon uvaʻutehon''
| {{Script/Hebrew|תִּתְקַבַּל צְלוֹתְהוֹן וּבָעוּתְהוֹן}}
|- Style="background:#ffe;"
| 17
| Of all Israel
| ''D'khol (bet) yisrael''
| {{Script/Hebrew|דְכָל (בֵּית) יִשְׂרָאֵל}}
|- Style="background:#ffe;"
| 18
| Be accepted by their Father who is in Heaven; And say, Amen.<sup>[[#textnote a|a]]</sup>
| ''Qodam avuhon di bishmayya, vʼimru amen''
| {{Script/Hebrew|קֳדָם אֲבוּהוֹן דִּי בִשְׁמַיָּא וְאִמְרוּ אָמֵן}}
|- Style="background:#e4f2ff;"
| Colspan=4 style="padding-left: 3em" | ''Here the "kaddish of the rabbis" (including the kaddish after a siyum) includes:''
|- Style="background:#e4f2ff;"
| 19
| To Israel, to the [[Rabbi]]s and their disciples
| ''ʻal yisrael veʻal rabbanan veʻal talmideihon''
| {{Script/Hebrew|עַל יִשְׂרָאֵל וְעַל רַבָּנָן וְעַל תַּלְמִידֵיהוֹן}}
|- Style="background:#e4f2ff;"
| 20
| To the disciples of their disciples,
| ''V'ʻal kol talmidei talmideihon''
| {{Script/Hebrew|וְעַל כָּל תַּלְמִידֵי תַלְמִידֵיהוֹן.}}
|- Style="background:#e4f2ff;"
| 21
| And to all those who engage in the [[Torah study|study of the Torah]]
| ''Veʻal kol man deʻos'qin b'orayta''
| {{Script/Hebrew|וְעַל כָּל מָאן דְּעָסְקִין בְּאוֹרַיְתָא.}}
|- Style="background:#e4f2ff;"
| 22
| In this [holy]<sup>[[#textnote z|z]]</sup> place or in any other place,
| ''Di b'atra [qadisha] haden vedi bekhol atar v'atar''
| {{Script/Hebrew|דִּי בְאַתְרָא [קַדִישָא] הָדֵין וְדִי בְּכָל אֲתַר וַאֲתַר.}}
|- Style="background:#e4f2ff;"
| 23
| May there be for them and for you abundant [[Shalom|peace]],
| ''Y'hei lehon ul'khon sh'lama rabba''
| {{Script/Hebrew|יְהֵא לְהוֹן וּלְכוֹן שְׁלָמָא רַבָּא}}
|- Style="background:#e4f2ff;"
| 24
| Grace, [[Chesed|lovingkindness]] and compassion, long life
| ''Hinna v'ḥisda v'raḥamei v'ḥayyei arikhei''
| {{Script/Hebrew|חִנָּא וְחִסְדָּא וְרַחֲמֵי וְחַיֵּי אֲרִיכֵי}}
|- Style="background:#e4f2ff;"
| 25
| Ample sustenance and salvation
| ''Um'zone r'viḥe ufurqana''
| {{Script/Hebrew|וּמְזוֹנֵי רְוִיחֵי וּפוְּרְקָנָא}}
|- Style="background:#e4f2ff;"
| 26
| From the Father who is in heaven (and earth);
| ''Min qodam avuhon di vishmayya [v'ʼarʻa]''[[#textnote e|e]]
| {{Script/Hebrew|מִן קֳדָם אֲבוּהוּן דְבִשְׁמַיָּא [וְאַרְעָא]}}
|- Style="background:#e4f2ff;"
| 27
| And say, Amen.<sup>[[#textnote a|a]]</sup>
| ''V'ʼimru amen ''
| {{Script/Hebrew|וְאִמְרוּ אָמֵן}}
|-
| Colspan=4 style="padding-left: 3em" | ''All variants but the half kaddish conclude:''
|-
| 28
| <sup>[[#textnote f|f]]</sup>May there be abundant peace from heaven,
| ''Yehe shelama rabba min shemayya''
| {{Script/Hebrew|יְהֵא שְׁלָמָה רַבָּא מִן שְׁמַיָּא,}}
|-
| 29
| [And] [good] life
| ''[Ve]hayyim [tovim]''
| {{Script/Hebrew|[וְ]חַיִּים [טוֹבִים]}}
|- Style="background:#eee;"
| 30
| Satisfaction, help, comfort, refuge,
| ''Vesava vishuʻa veneḥama veshezava''
| {{Script/Hebrew|וְשָֹבָע וִישׁוּעָה וְנֶחָמָה וְשֵׁיזָבָה}}
|- Style="background:#eee;"
| 31
| Healing, redemption, forgiveness, [[Atonement in Judaism|atonement]],
| ''Urfuʼa ugʼulla usliha v'khappara''
| {{Script/Hebrew|וּרְפוּאָה וּגְאֻלָּה וּסְלִיחָה וְכַפָּרָה,}}
|- Style="background:#eee;"
| 32
| Relief and salvation<sup>[[#textnote d|d]]</sup>
| ''Verevaḥ vehatzala''
| {{Script/Hebrew|וְרֵוַח וְהַצָּלָה}}
|-
| 33
| [For us and for all his people] upon us and upon all Israel; and say, Amen.<sup>[[#textnote a|a]]</sup>
| ''[Lanu ulkhol ʻammo] ʻalainu v'al kol yisrael v'ʼimru amen''
| {{Script/Hebrew| [לָנוּ וּלְכָל עַמּוֹ] עׇלֵינוּ  וְעַל כׇּל יִשְֹרָאֵל וְאִמְרוּ אָמֵן.}}
|-
| 34
| <sup>[[#textnote f|f]]</sup>May He who makes peace in His high places
| ''ʻoseh shalom bimromav''
| {{Script/Hebrew|עוֹשֶֹה שָׁלוֹם בִּמְרוֹמָיו,}}
|-
| 35
| Grant [in his mercy]<sup>[[#textnote g|g]]</sup> peace upon us
| ''Hu [berakhamav] yaʻase shalom ʻalenu''
| {{Script/Hebrew|הוּא [בְּרַחֲמָיו] יַעֲשֶֹה שָׁלוֹם עָלֵינוּ,}}
|-
| 36
| And upon all [his nation]<sup>[[#textnote h|h]]</sup> Israel; and say, Amen.<sup>[[#textnote a|a]]</sup>
| ''V'ʻal kol [ammo] yisra'el, v'ʼimru amen''
| {{Script/Hebrew|וְעַל כָּל [עַמּוֹ] יִשְֹרָאֵל וְאִמְרוּ אָמֵן.}}
|}

=== Text of the burial kaddish ===

In the burial kaddish, and that after a siyum according to Ashkenazim,<sup>[[#textnote i|i]]</sup>, lines [[#textline2|2]]-[[#textline3|3]] are replaced by:

{| style="border: 1px solid; vertical-align:top;"
|-
! #
! English translation
! Transcription
! Aramaic
|-
| 37
| . . . in the world which He will renew
| ''B'ʻal'ma d'hu ʻatid l'ithaddeta''
| {{Script/Hebrew|בְּעָלְמָא דְהוּא עָתִיד לְאִתְחַדְּתָא}}
|-
| 38
| And where He will give life to the dead
| ''Ulʼaḥa'a metaya''
| {{Script/Hebrew|וּלְאֲחָאָה מֵּתַיָא}}
|-
| 39
| And raise them to eternal life
| ''Ulʼassaqa yat'hon l'ḥayye ʻal'ma''
| {{Script/Hebrew|וּלְאֲסָקָא יָּתְהוֹן לְחַיֵּי עָלְמָא}}
|-
| 40
| And rebuild the city of [[Jerusalem]]
| ''Ul'mivne qarta dirush'lem''
| {{Script/Hebrew|וּלְמִיבְנֵא קַּרְתָּא דִּירוּשְׁלֵם}}
|-
| 41
| And complete [[Temple in Jerusalem|His temple there]]
| ''Ul'shakhlala hekhlehh b'gavvah''
| {{Script/Hebrew|וּלְשַׁכְלָלָא הֵיכְלֵהּ בְּגַוָּהּ}}
|-
| 42
| And uproot foreign worship from the earth
| ''Ul'meʻeqar pulḥana nukhraʼa me'arʻa''
| {{Script/Hebrew|וּלְמֶעֱקַר פּוּלְחָנָא נּוּכְרָאָה מֵּאַרְעָא}}
|-
| 43
| And restore Heavenly worship to its position
| ''Ul'aʼatava pulḥana dishmayya l'ʼatreh''
| {{Script/Hebrew|וּלְאֲתָבָא פּוּלְחָנָא דִי שְׁמַיָּא לְּאַתְרֵהּ}}
|-
| 44
| And may the Holy One, blessed is He,
| ''V'yamlikh qudsha b'rikh hu''
| {{Script/Hebrew|וְיַמְלִיךְ קוּדְשָׁא בְּרִיךְ הוּא}}
|-
| 45
| Reign in His sovereign splendour . . .
| ''B'malkhuteh viqareh''
| {{Script/Hebrew|בְּמַלְכוּתֵהּ וִיקָרֵהּ}}
|}

=== Recent changes to Oseh Shalom ===

In some recent non-Orthodox prayerbooks, for example, the American [[Reform Judaism|Reform]] [[Machzor]],<ref>{{cite book|title=Mishkan HaNefesh|date=2015|publisher=Central Conference of American Rabbis|location=New York|isbn=978-0-88123-208-0|page=122}}</ref> line 36 is replaced with:

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:100%; vertical-align:top;"
|-
| 36
| All Israel, and all who dwell on earth; and let us say: ''Amen''.
| ''V'al kol Yisra'el, v'al kol yoshvei teiveil; v'imru: Amen.''
| {{Script/Hebrew|וְעַל כָּל יִשְֹרָאֵל וְעַל כָּל יוֺשְׁבֵי תֵבֵל וְאִמְרוּ אָמֵן}}
|}

This effort to extend the reach of Oseh Shalom to non-Jews is said to have been started by the British Liberal Jewish movement in 1967, with the introduction of ''v'al kol bnei Adam'' ("and upon all humans");<ref>{{cite web|last1=Villa|first1=Diana|title=Addition at the end of Kaddish|url=http://www.schechter.edu/AskTheRabbi.aspx?ID=317|website=The Schechter Institutes|access-date=20 December 2015|date=July 2006|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101218180416/http://schechter.edu/AskTheRabbi.aspx?ID=317|archive-date=18 December 2010}}</ref> these words continue to be used by some in the UK.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Winer|first1=Mark|title=Torah from around the world #73|url=http://www.wupj.org/Publications/Newsletter.asp?ContentID=443|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120419155800/http://wupj.org/Publications/Newsletter.asp?ContentID=443|url-status=dead|archive-date=19 April 2012|website=World Union for Progressive Judaism|access-date=20 December 2015}}</ref>

=== Notes ===

* Bracketed text varies according to personal or communal traditions.
* <div id="textnote_a">'''(A)''' The congregation responds with "amen" (אָמֵן) after lines [[#textline1|1]], [[#textline4|4]], [[#textline7|7]], [[#textline12|12]], [[#textline15|15]], [[#textline18|18]], [[#textline27|27]], [[#textline33|33]], [[#textline36|36]]. In the [[Ashkenazi]] tradition, the response to line 12 is "Blessed be he" (בְּרִיךְ הוּא ''b'rikh hu''), and in some communities the congregation says "Blessed be He" before the chazzan says it, rendering the next phrase "''brikh hu le'eilah''" (Blessed be He above) (see Darke Moshe OC 56:3).</div>
* <div id="textnote_b">'''(B)''' On line [[#textline1|1]], some say ''Yitgaddeyl veyitqaddeysh'' rather than ''Yitgaddal veyitqaddash'', because the roots of these two words are Hebrew and not Aramaic (the Aramaic equivalent would be ''Yitrabay veyitkadash''), some authorities (but not others) felt that both words should be rendered in pure Hebrew pronunciation.<ref>Scherman, Nosson, ''The Kaddish Prayer: A new translation with a commentary anthologized from Talmudic, Midrashic and Rabbinic Sources'' (Brooklyn, Mesorah Publ'ns, 3rd ed. 1991) page 28; Nulman, Macy, ''The Encyclopedia of Jewish Prayer'' (Aronson, NJ, 1993) s.v. Kaddish, pages 185–186; see also the pointed Hebrew translations of the Kaddish in the ''Siddur Rinat Yisroel'' (Jerusalem, 1977) Ashkenaz ed. page 40, and in Rosenstein, ''Siddur Shirah Hadasha'' (Eshkol, Jerusalem, no date, reprinted circa 1945 – but original edition was 1914) page 38; Silverman, Morris, ''Comments on the Text of the Siddur'', Journal of Jewish Music & Liturgy, vol. 2, nr. 1 (1977–78) page 21.</ref> </div>
* <div id="textnote_c">'''(C)''' Line [[#textline13|13]]: in the Ashkenazi tradition the repeated "le'ela" is used only during the [[Ten Days of Repentance]], or on the High Holiday themselves in the German tradition. In the Sephardi tradition it is never used. In the [[Yemenite Jews|Yemenite]] and [[Italian Nusach|Italian]] traditions it is the invariable wording. The phrase "''le'ela le'ela''" is the Aramaic translation in [[Targum Onkelos]] of the Hebrew phrase "ma'la ma'la" (Deuteronomy 28:43). </div>
* <div id="textnote_d">'''(D)''' Lines [[#textline4|4]] and [[#textline30|30]]–32 are not present in the Ashkenazi or Italian tradition. "Revaḥ vehatzala" is said aloud by the congregation.</div>
* <div id="textnote_e">'''(E)''' Line [[#textline26|26]]: some [[Sephardi]] Jews say ''malka'' [or ''maram'' or ''mareh''] ''di-shmaya ve-ar'a'' (the King [or Master] of Heaven and Earth) instead of ''avuhon de-vi-shmaya'' (their Father in Heaven); De Sola Pool uses ''mara''; the London Spanish and Portuguese Jews use the same text as the Ashkenazim.<ref>Silverman, Morris, ''Comments on the Text of the Siddur'', Journal of Jewish Music & Liturgy, vol. 2, nr. 1 (1977–78) page 21.</ref> </div>
* <div id="textnote_f">'''(F)''' During the "complete kaddish" some include the following congregational responses, which are not regarded as part of the text:</div>
** Before line [[#textline16|16]], "accept our prayer with mercy and favour"
** Before line [[#textline28|28]], "May the name of God be blessed, from now and forever"<ref>{{bibleverse||Psalms|113:2|HE}}</ref>
** Before line [[#textline34|34]], "My help is from God, creator of heaven and earth"<ref>{{bibleverse||Psalms|121:2|HE}}</ref>
* <div id="textnote_g">'''(G)''' Line [[#textline35|35]]: "b'rahamav" is used by [[Sephardim]] in all versions of kaddish; by some Ashkenazim only in "Kaddish deRabbanan" and by others never.</div>
* <div id="textnote_h">'''(H)''' Line [[#textline36|36]]: "ammo" is used by most [[Sephardim]], but not by some of the [[Spanish and Portuguese Jews]] or [[Ashkenazim]]. </div>
* <div id="textnote_i">'''(I)''' Lines [[#textline37|37]] to [[#textline45|45]]: these lines are also recited by Yemenite Jews as part of every Kaddish DeRabbanan. </div>
* <div id="textnote_z">'''(Z)''' In line [[#textline22|22]], the bracketed word is added in many communities in the Land of Israel.</div>
* In line 1, as noted in (a), the congregation responds "Amen", even though this commonly is not printed in most prayerbooks. This longstanding and widespread tradition introduces a break in the verse which leads to varying opinions regarding whether the phrase "according to His will" applies to "which he created" or to "Magnified and sanctified".<ref>Mishcon, A., ''Disputed Phrasings in the Siddur'', Jewish Quarterly Review, vol. 7 n.s., nr. 4 (April 1917) page 545.</ref>
* It is common that the entire congregation recites lines 8 and 9 with the leader, and it is also common that the congregation will include in its collective recitation the first word of the next line (line 10), ''Yitbarakh''. This is commonly thought to be done to prevent any interruption before the next line (which begins with ''Yitbarakh'') is recited by the leader. But this inclusion of ''Yitbarakh'' is subject to a major dispute among the [[Rishonim]] (medieval authorities). [[Maimonides]] and the [[Jacob ben Asher|Tur]] did not include it in the congregation's recitation; [[Amram Gaon]], the [[Vilna Gaon]], and the [[Shulchan Aruch]] include it.<ref>Mishcon, A., ''Disputed Phrasings in the Siddur'', Jewish Quarterly Review, vol. 7 n.s., nr. 4 (April 1917) pages 545–546; Nulman, Macy, ''The Encyclopedia of Jewish Prayer'' (Aronson, NJ, 1993) s.v. Kaddish, page 186.</ref> In some communities, the congregation recites in an undertone through and including the words "da'amiran beʻalma" (middle of line 15).<ref>Bet Yosef OC 56.</ref>