Editing KPMG (section)

=== Early years and mergers ===
[[File:KPMG HQ Amstelveen Netherlands.jpg|thumb|KPMG office in Amstelveen, Netherlands]]
[[File:BuildingFPM41.jpg|thumb|alt=Copyright to https://www.skinde.pt/pt/projetos/fpm41-edificio-de-escritorios-lisboa|KPMG offices at FPM41, [[Lisbon]], Portugal]]

In 1816, Robert Fletcher started working as an accountant and in 1839 the firm he worked for changed its name to Robert Fletcher & Co.<ref>Curtis Jenkins Cornwell & Co: A Study in Professional Origins, 1816-1966, SVP Cornwell, Garland Publishing, 1991</ref> [[William Barclay Peat]] joined the firm in 1870 at 17 and became head of the firm in 1891, renamed William Barclay Peat & Co. by then.<ref name="history">{{cite web | url = https://home.kpmg.com/nl/en/home/about/overview/history.html |title=KPMG History|date=13 September 2021|publisher=KPMG}}</ref> In 1877, Thomson McLintock founded Thomson McLintock & Co in Glasgow.<ref name="history"/> In 1897, Marwick Mitchell & Co. was founded by [[James Marwick]] and Roger Mitchell in [[New York City]]. In 1899, Ferdinand William LaFrentz founded the American Audit Co. in New York.<ref name="New York State Society of Certified Public Accountants: Foundation of a Profession">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W8Z2a53DJ2cC&q=FW+LaFrentz+%26+Co&pg=PA212|title=New York State Society of Certified Public Accountants: Foundation of a Profession|page=212|first=Julia|last=Grant|year=1995|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0815322382}}</ref> In 1923, The American Audit Company was renamed FW LaFrentz & Co.<ref name="New York State Society of Certified Public Accountants: Foundation of a Profession"/>

In about 1913, Frank Wilber Main founded Main & Co. in [[Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania|Pittsburgh]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/87969871/|date=16 February 1914|publisher= Pittsburgh Daily Post, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania|page=11|title=Newspaper article|access-date=28 June 2016}}</ref> In March 1917, [[Piet Klijnveld]] and Jaap Kraayenhof opened an accounting firm called [[Klynveld Kraayenhof & Co.]] in Amsterdam.<ref name="history"/>

In 1925, William Barclay Peat & Co. and Marwick Mitchell & Co., merged to form Peat Marwick Mitchell & Co.<ref>[http://www.icaew.com/~/media/Files/Library/subjects/accounting-history/family-trees/family-tree-peat-marwick-mclintock.pdf Family tree: Peat Marwick McLintock] ICEAW</ref> Peat Marwick Mitchell & Co. was based at No. 11 Ironmonger Lane in London,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.icaew.com/library/historical-resources/accounting-historians-guide-to-london|title=Accounting Historians' Guide to London|publisher=Institute of Chartered Accountants in England and Wales|access-date=17 April 2025}}</ref> before moving to Puddle Dock in London in 1976.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://files.taylorandfrancis.com/rabr-map.pdf|title=Accounting Historian's Map of London|publisher=Taylor and Francis|access-date=17 April 2025}}</ref>

In 1963, Main LaFrentz & Co was formed by the merger of Main & Co and FW LaFrentz & Co. In 1969, Thomson McLintock and Main LaFrentz merged forming McLintock Main LaFrentz International<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.victoria.ac.nz/sacl/about/events/past-events2/past-conferences/6ahic/publications/6AHIC-68_FINAL_paper.pdf|title=The forces of deinstiutionalisation and demise|access-date=28 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160804091342/http://www.victoria.ac.nz/sacl/about/events/past-events2/past-conferences/6ahic/publications/6AHIC-68_FINAL_paper.pdf|archive-date=4 August 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> and McLintock Main LaFrentz International absorbed the general practice of Grace, Ryland & Co.<ref name="Chartered Accountants in England and Wales: A Guide to Historical Records"/>{{efn|In 1818, John Moxham opened a company in [[Bristol]].<ref name="Chartered Accountants in England and Wales: A Guide to Historical Records">{{cite book | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=gy-8AAAAIAAJ&q=Grace%2C+Darbyshire%2C+%26+Todd&pg=PA133 | title = Chartered Accountants in England and Wales: A Guide to Historical Records|publisher=Manchester University Press|year=1994|page=133| isbn = 9780719042294}}</ref> James Grace and James Grace Jr. bought John Moxham & Co. and renamed it James Grace & Son in 1857.<ref name="Chartered Accountants in England and Wales: A Guide to Historical Records"/> In 1861, Henry Grace joined James Jr., and the company was renamed James & Henry Grace; the firm evolved to become Grace, Ryland & Co.<ref name="Chartered Accountants in England and Wales: A Guide to Historical Records"/>}}

In 1979, [[Klynveld Kraayenhof & Co.]] (Netherlands), McLintock Main LaFrentz (United Kingdom / United States), and Deutsche Treuhand-Gesellschaft (Germany) formed KMG (Klynveld Main Goerdeler) as a grouping of independent national practices to create a strong European-based international firm.<ref name="history"/> Deutsche Treuhand-Gesellschaft CEO [[Reinhard Goerdeler]] (son of leading anti-Nazi activist [[Carl Friedrich Goerdeler|Carl Goerdeler]], who would have become Chancellor if [[Operation Valkyrie]] had succeeded) became the first CEO of KMG.  In the United States, Main Lafrentz & Co. merged with Hurdman and Cranstoun to form Main Hurdman & Cranstoun.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.accountingin.com/accounting-historians-journal/volume-19-number-1/the-development-of-the-big-eight-accounting-firms-in-the-united-states-1900-to-1990/|title=The Development of "The Big Eight" Accounting Firms in the United States, 1900 to 1990|publisher=Accounting Information|access-date=28 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202110528/http://www.accountingin.com/accounting-historians-journal/volume-19-number-1/the-development-of-the-big-eight-accounting-firms-in-the-united-states-1900-to-1990/|archive-date=2 February 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref>

In 1987, KMG and Peat Marwick joined forces in the first mega-merger of large accounting firms and formed a firm called KPMG in the United States and most of the rest of the world and Peat Marwick McLintock in the United Kingdom.<ref name=kpmg1987>{{cite web|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1986-09-04-fi-13794-story.html|title=Merger to Create World's Biggest Accounting Firm : Parent Firms of Peat Marwick and KMG Main Hurdman Reach an Agreement; Would Surpass Arthur Andersen|date=4 September 1986|work=Los Angeles Times|access-date=8 August 2020}}</ref> From 1984 Peat Marwick was the first, largest, and for some time the only large corporate customer of the [[Apple Macintosh]],<ref name="kawasaki20170503">{{Cite web |last=Kawasaki |first=Guy |author-link=Guy Kawasaki |date=2017-05-03 |title=Peat-Marwick, For Example |url=https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/peat-marwick-example-guy-kawasaki/ |access-date=2025-05-05 |website=LinkedIn |language=en}}</ref> and the combined company retained the computer.<ref name="neales19880725">{{Cite news |last=Neales |first=Sue |date=1988-07-25 |title=KPMG SETTLES FOR APPLE'S MACINTOSH |url=https://www.afr.com/politics/kpmg-settles-for-apples-macintosh-19880725-k2wsu |archive-url=https://archive.today/20250505212704/https://www.afr.com/politics/kpmg-settles-for-apples-macintosh-19880725-k2wsu |archive-date=2025-05-05 |access-date=2025-05-05 |work=Australian Financial Review}}</ref>

In the Netherlands, due to the merger between PMI and KMG in 1988, PMI [[tax advisor]]s joined Meijburg & Co. (The tax advisory agency Meijburg & Co. was founded by Willem Meijburg, Inspector of National Taxes, in 1939). Today, the Netherlands is the only country with two members of KPMG International: KPMG Audit (accountants) and Meijburg & Co (tax consultants).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://meijburg.com/page/history|title=Meijburg & Co – History|access-date=23 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170823165812/https://meijburg.com/page/history|archive-date=23 August 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref>

In 1991, the firm was renamed KPMG Peat Marwick, and in 1999, the name was reduced again to KPMG.<ref>Note: KPMG derived from predecessor company founders: Piet '''K'''lijnveld, William Barclay '''P'''eat, James '''M'''arwick, and Reinhard '''G'''oerdeler.</ref>

In October 1997, KPMG and [[Ernst & Young]] announced they would merge.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.baltimoresun.com/1997/10/21/ernst-young-kpmg-peat-marwick-to-merge-new-company-would-be-largest-accounting-consulting-firm-in-world-financial-services/ |title=Ernst & Young, KPMG Peat Marwick to merge New company would be largest accounting, consulting firm in world |work=[[The Baltimore Sun]] |date=21 October 1997 |access-date=5 September 2014 |archive-date=13 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150413004856/http://articles.baltimoresun.com/1997-10-21/business/1997294011_1_kpmg-peat-ernst-young-merger |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1997/12/22/business/kpmg-partners-vote-for-ernst-merger.html |title=KPMG Partners Vote For Ernst Merger |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=22 December 1997 |access-date=5 September 2014 }}</ref> However, while the merger to form [[PwC]] was granted regulatory approval, the KPMG/Ernst & Young tie-up was later abandoned.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/56509.stm |title=Accountancy merger off |work=[[BBC News]] |date=13 February 1998 |access-date=5 September 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/business/kmpg-and-ernst-call-off-18bn-accountancy-megamerger-1144724.html |title=KMPG and Ernst call off $18bn accountancy mega-merger  |work=[[The Independent]] |date=14 February 1998 |access-date=5 September 2014 }}</ref>