Editing July 27 (section)

===Pre-1600===
*[[1054]] &ndash; [[Siward, Earl of Northumbria]], invades Scotland and defeats [[Macbeth, King of Scotland]], somewhere north of the [[Firth of Forth]]. This is known as the [[Battle of Dunsinane]].
*[[1189]] &ndash; [[Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor|Friedrich Barbarossa]] arrives at [[Niš]], the capital of [[Kingdom of Serbia (medieval)|Serbian King]] [[Stefan Nemanja]], during the [[Third Crusade]].
*[[1202]] &ndash; [[Georgian–Seljuk wars]]: At the [[Battle of Basian]] the [[Kingdom of Georgia]] defeats the [[Sultanate of Rum]].
*[[1214]] &ndash; [[Battle of Bouvines]]: [[Philip II of France]] decisively defeats [[Holy Roman Empire|Imperial]], [[Kingdom of England|English]] and [[County of Flanders|Flemish]] armies, effectively ending [[John, King of England|John of England]]'s [[Angevin Empire]].
*[[1299]] &ndash; According to [[Edward Gibbon]], [[Osman I]] invades the territory of [[Nicomedia]] for the first time, usually considered to be the founding day of the [[Ottoman state]].
*[[1302]] &ndash; [[Battle of Bapheus]]: Decisive [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] victory over the [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantines]] opening up [[Bithynia]] for Turkish conquest.
*[[1549]] &ndash; The [[Society of Jesus|Jesuit]] priest [[Francis Xavier]]'s ship reaches Japan.