Editing July 16 (section)

===Pre-1600===
* [[622]] &ndash; The [[Hijrah]] of [[Muhammad]] begins, marking the beginning of the [[Islamic calendar]].
* [[997]] &ndash; [[Battle of Spercheios]]: Bulgarian forces of Tsar [[Samuel of Bulgaria|Samuel]] are defeated by a [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantine]] army under general [[Nikephoros Ouranos]] at the [[Spercheios|Spercheios River]] in Greece.
*[[1054]] &ndash; Three Roman [[Papal legate|legates]] break relations between [[Western Christianity|Western]] and [[Eastern Christianity|Eastern Christian churches]] through the act of placing a [[papal bull]] (of doubtful validity) of [[excommunication]] on the altar of [[Hagia Sophia]] during Saturday afternoon divine liturgy. Historians frequently describe the event as the formal start of the [[East–West Schism]].
*[[1212]] &ndash; [[Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa]]: After [[Pope Innocent III]] calls European knights to a [[Crusades|crusade]], the forces of kings [[Alfonso VIII of Castile]], [[Sancho VII of Navarre]], [[Peter II of Aragon]] and [[Afonso II of Portugal]] defeat those of the [[Berbers|Berber]] Muslim leader [[Almohad Caliphate|Almohad]], thus marking a significant turning point in the ''[[Reconquista]]'' and in the [[Spain in the Middle Ages|medieval history of Spain]].
*[[1228]] &ndash; The [[canonization]] of [[Saint Francis of Assisi]]
*[[1232]] &ndash; The Spanish town of [[Arjona, Spain|Arjona]] declares independence and names its native [[Muhammad I of Granada|Muhammad ibn Yusuf]] as ruler. This marks the Muhammad's first rise to prominence; he later established the [[Nasrid dynasty|Nasrid]] [[Emirate of Granada]], the last independent Muslim state in Spain.
*[[1251]] &ndash; Celebrated by the [[Carmelite Order]]–but doubted by modern historians–as the day when Saint [[Simon Stock]] had a vision of the [[Virgin Mary]].<ref>''Carmel, Its History, Spirit, and Saints.'' New York: P.J. Kennedy & Sons, 1927. pp 218–226. [http://bronxvilleocds.x10hosting.com/scapular.htm The Brown Scapular] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303200042/http://bronxvilleocds.x10hosting.com/scapular.htm |date=2016-03-03 }} – Book excerpt found at the web link contains extensive quotes from the 17th century forged letter purportedly written in the 13th century by Saint Simon Stock's secretary "Peter Swanington". Many older sources surprisingly accepted the Swanington letter without question.</ref><ref>Herbert Thurston, S.J., [https://books.google.com/books?id=RAUQAAAAIAAJ&dq=%22peter+swanyngton%22+scapular+ecclesiastical&pg=PA59 "The Origin of the Scapular – A Criticism."] ''The Irish Ecclesiastical Record'' Vol XVI July–December 1904. pp. 59–75. Dublin: Browne & Nolan, Limited. – well researched 1904 journal article demonstrates the falsity of the Swanington letter as well as the forged papal bull that was the basis of the "Sabbatine privilege", discusses Carmelite history and the facts about the evolution of the scapular devotion etc.</ref>
*[[1377]] &ndash; King [[Richard II of England]] is crowned.<ref>{{cite book|author=James Sherborne|title=War, Politics and Culture in 14th Century England|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uu_UAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA187|date=1 January 1994|publisher=A&C Black|isbn=978-1-85285-086-9|pages=187–}}</ref>
*[[1536]] &ndash; [[Jacques Cartier]], navigator and explorer, returns home to St. Malo after claiming Stadacona (Quebec), Hochelaga (Montereal) and the River of Canada (St. Lawrence River) region for France.<ref>{{cite book|first=Clifton|last=Daniel|title=Chronicle of America|publisher=Chronicle publication|year=1989|page=26|isbn=0-13-133745-9}}</ref>