Editing Julius and Ethel Rosenberg (section)

==Espionage==
Julius Rosenberg joined the [[United States Army Signal Corps|Army Signal Corps]] Engineering Laboratories at [[Fort Monmouth]], New Jersey, in 1940, where he worked as an engineer-inspector until 1945. He was discharged when the [[United States Army|U.S. Army]] discovered his previous membership in the [[Communist Party USA]]. Important research on electronics, communications, [[radar]] and [[Missile|guided missile]] controls was undertaken at Fort Monmouth during [[World War II]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Wang |first=Jessica |title=American Science in An Age of Anxiety |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ok_A5UV1mdoC&pg=PA262 |page=262 |year=1999 |publisher=UNC Press |isbn=978-0-8078-4749-7}}</ref>

According to a 2001 book by his former [[Agent handling|handler]] [[Aleksandr Feklisov]], Rosenberg was originally recruited to spy for the interior ministry of the Soviet Union, [[NKVD]], on [[Labor Day (United States)|Labor Day]] 1942 by a former [[spymaster]] [[Semyon Semyonov]].<ref name="Feklisov">{{cite book |last1=Feklisov |first1=Aleksandr |author-link1=Aleksandr Feklisov |url=https://archive.org/details/manbehindrosenbe00fekl |title=The Man Behind the Rosenbergs |last2=Kostin |first2=Sergei |publisher=Enigma Books |year=2001 |isbn=978-1-929631-08-7}}</ref> Rosenberg had been introduced to Semyonov by Bernard Schuster, a high-ranking member of the Communist Party USA and NKVD liaison for [[Earl Browder]]. After Semyonov was recalled to Moscow in 1944 his duties were taken over by Feklisov.<ref name="Feklisov"/>

Rosenberg provided thousands of classified reports from [[Emerson Radio]], including a complete [[proximity fuze]]. Under Feklisov's supervision, Rosenberg recruited sympathetic individuals into NKVD service, including [[Joel Barr]], [[Alfred Sarant]], [[William Perl]], and [[Morton Sobell]], also an engineer.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Feklisov |first1=Aleksandr |url=https://archive.org/details/manbehindrosenbe00fekl/page/140 |title=The Man Behind the Rosenbergs |last2=Kostin |first2=Sergei |publisher=Enigma Books |year=2001 |isbn=978-1-929631-08-7 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/manbehindrosenbe00fekl/page/140 140–47]}}</ref> Perl supplied Feklisov, under Rosenberg's direction, with thousands of documents from the [[National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics]], including a complete set of design and production drawings for [[Lockheed Martin|Lockheed's]] [[Lockheed P-80 Shooting Star|P-80 Shooting Star]], the first U.S. operational [[Fighter aircraft|jet fighter]]. Feklisov learned through Rosenberg that Ethel's brother David was working on the [[Classified information in the United States#Top Secret|top-secret]] [[Manhattan Project]] at the [[Los Alamos National Laboratory]]; he directed Julius to recruit Greenglass.<ref name="Feklisov"/>

In February 1944, Rosenberg succeeded in recruiting a second source of Manhattan Project information, engineer [[Russell Alton McNutt|Russell McNutt]], who worked on designs for the plants at [[Oak Ridge National Laboratory]]. For this success Rosenberg received a $100 bonus. McNutt's employment provided access to secrets about processes for manufacturing [[Weapons-grade nuclear material|weapons-grade uranium]].<ref>{{cite magazine|last1=Radosh|first1=Ronald|title=Rosenbergs Redux|magazine=New Republic|date=December 6, 2010|url=https://newrepublic.com/article/79648/rosenbergs-redux-julius-ethel-communist-spies|access-date=October 6, 2016|archive-date=October 9, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161009122707/https://newrepublic.com/article/79648/rosenbergs-redux-julius-ethel-communist-spies|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Haynes|first1=John Earl|title=Spies: The Rise and Fall of the KGB in America|publisher=Yale University Press|isbn=978-0-300-15572-3|page=[https://archive.org/details/spiesrisefallofk00john/page/36 36]|url=https://archive.org/details/spiesrisefallofk00john|url-access=registration|access-date=October 6, 2016|language=en|year=2009}}</ref> The U.S. did not share information with, nor seek assistance from, the Soviet Union regarding the Manhattan Project. The West was shocked by the speed with which the Soviets were able to stage "[[RDS-1|Joe 1]]", its first [[Nuclear weapons testing|nuclear test]], on August 29, 1949.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Ziegler |first1=Charles A. |last2=Jacobson |first2=David |title=Spying without spies |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mIVto1lFdFEC&pg=PA220 |page=220 |year=1995 |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |isbn=978-0-275-95049-1}}</ref> However, [[Lavrentiy Beria]], the head official of the Soviet nuclear project, used foreign intelligence only as a third-party check rather than giving it directly to the design teams, whom he did not [[Security clearance|clear]] to know about the espionage efforts, and the development was indigenous. Considering that the pace of the Soviet program was set primarily by the amount of uranium that it could procure, it is difficult for scholars to judge accurately how much time was saved, if any.<ref>{{cite book |last=Holloway |first=David |title=Stalin and the Bomb: The Soviet Union and Atomic Energy, 1939–1956 |location=New Haven, Connecticut |publisher=Yale University Press |year=1994 |isbn=0-300-06056-4|oclc=29911222 |pages=220–224}}</ref>