Editing Julio-Claudian dynasty (section)

== Rise and fall of the Julio-Claudians ==
[[File:Great_Cameo_of_France_CdM_Paris_Bab264_n1.jpg|thumb|The [[Great Cameo of France]], a [[Cameo (carving)|cameo]] five layers [[sardonyx]], [[Rome]], c. AD 23, depicting the emperor [[Tiberius]] seated with his mother [[Livia]] and in front of his designated heir [[Germanicus]], with the latter's wife [[Agrippina the Elder]]; above them float the deceased members of their house: [[Augustus]], [[Drusus Julius Caesar]], and [[Nero Claudius Drusus]]]]

=== Augustus ===
{{Main|Augustus}}
Lacking any male child and heir, Augustus married his only child—a daughter—[[Julia the Elder|Julia]] to his nephew [[Marcus Claudius Marcellus (Julio-Claudian dynasty)|Marcus Claudius Marcellus]]. Marcellus, however, died of food poisoning in 23 BC.  Augustus then married his widowed daughter to his loyal friend, [[Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa]], previously married to Augustus' niece, the sister of Marcellus. This marriage produced five children, three sons and two daughters: [[Gaius Caesar]], [[Lucius Caesar]], [[Julia the Younger]], [[Agrippina the Elder]], and [[Agrippa Postumus]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Cadoux |first1=Theodore John |last2=Seager|first2=Robin J. |title= Oxford Classical Dictionary |chapter=Iulia (3) (RE 'Iulius' 550) |url= |date= 2012|publisher=Oxford University Press  |isbn=978-0-19-954556-8 |access-date=}}</ref>

Gaius and Lucius, the first two children of Julia and Agrippa, were adopted by Augustus and became heirs to the throne; however, Augustus also showed great favour toward his wife Livia's two children from her first marriage: [[Tiberius]] and [[Nero Claudius Drusus|Drusus]]. They were successful military leaders who had fought against the barbarian Germanic tribes.{{citation needed|date=October 2015}}

Agrippa died in 12 BC, and Tiberius was ordered by Augustus to divorce his wife [[Vipsania Agrippina]], daughter of Agrippa by his first marriage, and marry his stepsister, the twice-widowed Julia. Drusus, the brother of Tiberius, died in 9 BC after falling from a horse. Tiberius shared in Augustus' tribune powers, but shortly thereafter, in 6 BC, he went into voluntary exile in [[Rhodes]].  After the early deaths of both Lucius (AD 2) and Gaius (AD 4) and the exile of both Julia the Elder and Younger for adultery, a turn of events which saw the elder Julia's half brother [[Publius Cornelius Scipio (consul 16 BC)|Publius Cornelius Scipio]] exiled for treason, Mark Antony's son [[Iullus Antonius]] committing suicide and Julia the Younger's husband [[Lucius Aemilius Paullus (consul 1)|Lucius Aemilius Paullus]] being executed for conspiracy, Augustus was forced to recognize Tiberius as the next Roman emperor.  Augustus banished his grandson Postumus Agrippa, who was adopted after the death of his brothers, to the small island of [[Pianosa|Planasia]] (around AD 6 or 7) where he was later executed, and Tiberius was recalled to Rome and officially adopted by Augustus. By Augustus' request, Tiberius adopted his nephew Germanicus, son of his late brother Drusus and biological great-nephew of Augustus through his mother. Germanicus subsequently married Augustus' granddaughter Agrippina.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Spawforth|first1=Antony |last2=Balsdon|first2=John P. |title= Oxford Classical Dictionary |chapter=Vipsania Agrippina (2) |url= |date= 2012|publisher=Oxford University Press  |isbn=978-0-19-954556-8 |access-date=}}</ref>

===Tiberius===
{{Main|Tiberius}}

On 19 August AD 14, Augustus died. Tiberius had already been established as Princeps in all but name, and his position as heir was confirmed in Augustus' will.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Champlin |first=Edward |title=The Testament of Augustus |url=https://scholar.princeton.edu/sites/default/files/Augustus%27%20Will_0.pdf |journal=Princeton University |pages=154–165 |access-date=2022-10-22 |quote=Since cruel fate has snatched from me my sons ... be Tiberius Caesar my heir to 2/3. |archive-date=2022-08-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220828111146/https://scholar.princeton.edu/sites/default/files/Augustus%27%20Will_0.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

Despite his difficult relationship with the Senate, Tiberius' first years were generally good. He stayed true to Augustus's plans for the succession and favoured his adopted son and nephew [[Germanicus]] over his natural son, [[Drusus Julius Caesar|Drusus]], as did the Roman populace. On Tiberius' request, Germanicus was granted proconsular power and assumed command in the prime military zone of Germania, where he suppressed the mutiny there and led the formerly restless legions on campaigns against Germanic tribes from AD 14 to 16. Germanicus died in Syria in AD 19 and, on his deathbed, accused the governor of Syria, [[Gnaeus Calpurnius Piso (consul 7 BC)|Gnaeus Calpurnius Piso]], of murdering him at Tiberius's orders. With Germanicus dead, Tiberius began elevating his own son Drusus to replace him as the Imperial successor. By this time Tiberius had left more of the day-to-day running of the Empire to [[Sejanus|Lucius Aelius Sejanus]].{{Citation needed|date=March 2012}}

Sejanus created an atmosphere of fear in Rome, controlling a network of informers and spies whose incentive to accuse others of treason was a share in the accused's property after their conviction and death. Treason trials became commonplace; few members of the Roman aristocracy were safe. The trials played up to Tiberius' growing paranoia, which made him more reliant on Sejanus, as well as allowing Sejanus to eliminate potential rivals. Victims of this reign of terror related to the imperial family included [[Gaius Asinius Gallus Saloninus]], second husband of Tiberius' first wife Vipsania, who had since died, and [[Decimus Haterius Agrippa]], grandson of Agrippa and husband of Augustus' great-niece.

Tiberius, perhaps sensitive to this ambition, rejected Sejanus's initial proposal to marry [[Livilla]], Germanicus' sister and the widow of Tiberius' son Drusus the Younger, who had since died, in AD 25, but later had withdrawn his objections so that, in AD 30, Sejanus was betrothed to [[Julia Livia]], daughter of Livilla and Drusus the Younger. Sejanus' family connection to the Imperial house was now imminent, and in AD 31 Sejanus held the Consulship with the emperor as his colleague, an honour Tiberius reserved only for heirs to the throne. When he was summoned to a meeting of the Senate later that year on 18 October AD 31, he probably expected to receive a share of the tribunician power. Instead, however, Tiberius' letter to the Senate, completely unexpectedly, requested the destruction of Sejanus and his faction. A purge followed, in which Sejanus and his most prominent supporters were killed.{{Citation needed|date=March 2012}} With Drusus dead and having had Germanicus' elder two sons [[Nero Julius Caesar|Nero]] and [[Drusus Caesar|Drusus]] convicted of treason and killed, along with their mother Agrippina, Tiberius appointed Caligula, Germanicus' youngest son, and [[Tiberius Gemellus]], the son of Drusus the Younger and grandson of Tiberius, co-heirs. Drusus III's wife [[Aemilia Lepida]] was later forced to commit suicide after being accused of adultery.

Rome's second Emperor died at the port town of Misenum on 16 March AD 37, at the age of 78 years, having reigned for 23 years. Suetonius writes that the Prefect of the [[Praetorian Guard]] [[Naevius Sutorius Macro]] smothered Tiberius with a pillow to hasten Caligula's accession. According to Suetonius, he was known for his cruelty and debauchery through his perversion on the island of Capri where he forced young boys and girls into orgies. On one account when one of the boys complained, Tiberius had his legs broken.

===Caligula===
{{Main|Caligula}}
Although Augustus' succession plans were all but ruined due to the deaths of more than several family members, including many of his own descendants, in the end, Tiberius remained faithful to his predecessor's wishes that the next emperor would hail from the Julian side of the Imperial family. Thus, Tiberius was succeeded by Gaius Julius Caesar Augustus Germanicus, the sole-remaining son of his nephew and adopted son Germanicus. The new emperor was a great grandson of Augustus through his mother [[Agrippina the Elder]] thus making him a Julian but he was also a Claudian through his father Germanicus being the son of [[Livia]]'s younger son [[Drusus the Elder]]. More commonly remembered in history by his childhood nickname [[Caligula]], he was the third Roman Emperor ruling from AD 37 to 41.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Winterling |first=Aloys |title=Caligula: A biography |publisher=[[University of California Press]] |year=2011 |isbn=978-0520943148 |edition=1st |location=Berkeley |pages=1–9 |language=en |translator-last=Schneider |translator-first=Deborah Lucas |doi=10.1525/9780520943148 |translator-last2=Most |translator-first2=Glenn W. |translator-last3=Psoinos |translator-first3=Paul}}</ref>

When Tiberius died on 16 March AD 37, Caligula was well-positioned to assume power, despite the obstacle of Tiberius's will, which named him and his cousin [[Tiberius Gemellus]] as joint heirs. Caligula ordered Gemellus killed within his first year in power. Backed by Naevius Sutorius Macro, Caligula asserted himself as sole princeps, though he later had Macro disposed of as well.{{citation needed|date=October 2015}} Following Gemellus' death, Caligula marked his brother-in-law, [[Marcus Aemilius Lepidus (executed by Caligula)|Marcus Aemilius Lepidus]], husband of his sister [[Julia Drusilla]], as his heir. However, after Drusilla's death, Lepidus was accused of having affairs with Caligula's other sisters [[Agrippina the Younger]] and [[Julia Livilla]] and he was executed. He had previously had Drusilla's first husband [[Lucius Cassius Longinus (consul AD 30)|Lucius Cassius Longinus]] killed and upon the death of Agrippina's husband [[Gnaeus Domitius Ahenobarbus (consul 32)|Gnaeus Domitius Ahenobarbus]], he seized his inheritance.

Several unsuccessful assassination attempts were made on Caligula's life.  The successful conspiracy that ended Caligula's life was hatched by the disgruntled [[Praetorian Guard]] with backing by the Senate. The historian [[Josephus]] claims that the conspirators wished to restore the Republic while the historian [[Suetonius]] claims their motivations were mostly personal. On 24 January AD 41, the Praetorian tribune [[Cassius Chaerea]] and his men stopped Caligula alone in an underground passage leading to a theater. They stabbed him to death. Together with another tribune, Cornelius Sabinus, he killed Caligula's wife [[Milonia Caesonia|Caesonia]] and their infant daughter [[Julia Drusilla (daughter of Caligula)|Julia Drusilla]] on the same day.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Suetonius |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/39729882 |title=Lives of the Caesars |date=1998 |others=Translated by John Carew Rolfe, Introduction by K. R. Bradley |isbn=0-674-99570-8 |edition=Revised, with new introduction |location=Cambridge, Massaschsetts |pages=494–497 |language=la |oclc=39729882}}</ref>

===Claudius===
{{Main|Claudius}}
After Caligula's death, the Senate attempted and failed to restore the Republic. [[Claudius]], Caligula's paternal uncle, became emperor by the instigation of the Praetorian Guards.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=BBC History – Claudius|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/claudius.shtml|access-date=2021-01-19|website=www.bbc.co.uk|language=en-GB|archive-date=2002-10-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021015011903/http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/claudius.shtml|url-status=live}}</ref>

Despite his lack of political experience, and the disapproval of the people of Rome, Claudius proved to be an able administrator and a great builder of public works. His reign saw an expansion of the empire, including the [[Roman invasion of Britain|invasion of Britain]] in AD 43. He took a personal interest in the law, presided at public trials, and issued up to twenty edicts a day; however, he was seen as vulnerable throughout his rule, particularly by the nobility. Claudius was constantly forced to shore up his position—resulting in the deaths of many senators. Claudius also suffered tragic setbacks in his personal life. He married four times (to, in order, [[Plautia Urgulanilla]], [[Aelia Paetina]], [[Valeria Messalina]] and, finally, [[Agrippina the Younger]]) and is referenced by Suetonius as being easily manipulated. This is particularly evident during his marriage to Agrippina the Younger, his niece. Messalina saw several members of the dynasty eliminated, notably arranging for the executions of Claudius' nieces [[Julia Livilla]], daughter of Germanicus and Agrippina the Elder, and [[Julia Livia]], daughter of Livilla and Drusus the Younger, as well as Julia Livilla's husband [[Marcus Vinicius (consul 30)|Marcus Vinicius]], her mother's husband [[Appius Junius Silanus]], [[Gaius Asinius Pollio (consul 23)|Gaius Asinius Pollio]], son of Tiberius' first wife Vipsania by her second husband and whose brother [[Servius Asinius Celer]] was also killed around this time, Claudius' son-in-law [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus (husband of Claudia Antonia)|Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus]], and his parents [[Marcus Licinius Crassus Frugi]] and [[Scribonia (daughter of Lucius Scribonius Libo consul 16)|Scribonia]]. Messalina herself was finally executed after being charged with adultery.<ref name=":0" />

Claudius' reign also included several attempts on his life. In order to gain political support, he married Agrippina and adopted his great-nephew [[Nero]].{{Citation needed|date=March 2012}}

With his adoption on 25 February AD 50, Nero became heir to the throne, over Claudius' own son [[Britannicus]]. Claudius died on 13 October AD 54, and Nero became emperor. A number of ancient historians accuse Agrippina of poisoning Claudius, but details on these private events vary widely.{{Citation needed|date=March 2012}} These events are recounted in book 12 of the Annals of Tacitus, book 61 of Cassius Dio's Roman History, and in the biographies of Nero and Claudius by Suetonius.

===Nero===
{{Main|Nero}}
Nero became emperor in AD 54 at sixteen, the youngest emperor yet. Like his maternal uncle Caligula before him, Nero was also a direct descendant of Augustus, a fact which made his ascension to the throne much easier and smoother than it had been for Tiberius or Claudius. Ancient historians describe Nero's early reign as being strongly influenced by his mother [[Agrippina the Younger]], his tutor [[Seneca the Younger|Seneca]], and the Praetorian Prefect [[Sextus Afranius Burrus|Burrus]], especially in the first year. In the first year of his reign, Nero had left all of the day-to-day running of the Empire to his mother [[Agrippina the Younger]]. He was made Emperor over his step-brother, Claudius' son [[Britannicus]], who he had killed. Agrippina was believed to have poisoned Claudius, having allegedly poisoned her second husband [[Gaius Sallustius Crispus Passienus]]. She had also arranged the deaths of Caligula's third wife, [[Lollia Paulina]] and Messalina's mother [[Domitia Lepida the Younger]]. She saw that the dynasty's numbers dwindle with the execution of [[Marcus Junius Silanus Torquatus (consul 46)|Marcus Junius Silanus Torquatus]], a grandson of Julia the Younger, to strengthen Nero's claim, having previously arranged the death of his brother [[Lucius Junius Silanus Torquatus]]. In AD 55, Nero began taking on a more active role as an administrator. He was consul four times between AD 55 and 60. Nero consolidated power over time through the execution and banishment of his rivals and slowly usurped authority from the Senate. He reportedly arranged the death of his own mother and after divorcing his wife [[Claudia Octavia]], daughter of Claudius' and Messalina, he had her killed. Other relatives whom Nero was believed to have had killed were Claudius' daughter by Aelia Paetina, [[Claudia Antonia]], her husband and half-brother of Messalina, [[Faustus Cornelius Sulla Felix]], [[Decimus Junius Silanus Torquatus]], brother of Marcus and Lucius Junius Silanus Torquantus, as well as Marcus' son, also named Lucius, his aunt [[Domitia Lepida the Elder]], and [[Rubellius Plautus]], son of Julia Livia along with his wife, children and father-in-law.

In AD 64 [[Great Fire of Rome|Rome burned]]. Nero enacted a public relief effort as well as large reconstruction projects. To fund this, the provinces were heavily taxed following the fire.

By AD 65, senators complained that they had no power left and this led to the Pisonian conspiracy, led by [[Gaius Calpurnius Piso (conspirator)|Gaius Calpurnius Piso]], an adoptive descendant of Triumvir [[Marcus Licinius Crassus]], grandson of [[Gnaeus Calpurnius Piso (consul 7 BC)|Gnaeus Calpurnius Piso]], a governor of Syria who committed suicide after being accused of killing Germanicus, and first husband of [[Livia Orestilla]], Caligula's second wife. The conspiracy failed and its members were executed.  Vacancies after the conspiracy allowed [[Nymphidius Sabinus]], a grandson of former imperial freedman [[Gaius Julius Callistus]], who claimed to be an illegitimate son of Caligula, to rise in the Praetorian Guard.

In late AD 67 or early 68, [[Vindex]], the governor of [[Gallia Lugdunensis]] in [[Gaul]], rebelled against Nero's tax policies. [[Lucius Virginius Rufus]], the governor of superior Germany, was sent to put down the rebellion. To gain support, Vindex called on [[Galba]], the governor of [[Hispania Citerior]] (in the [[Iberian Peninsula]]), to become emperor. Virginius Rufus defeated Vindex's forces and Vindex committed suicide. Galba was declared a public enemy and his legion was confined in the city of Clunia.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Julio-Claudian Dynasty |url=https://www.crystalinks.com/JulioClaudianDynasty.html|access-date=2022-02-22|website=www.crystalinks.com|archive-date=2022-02-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220222142401/https://www.crystalinks.com/JulioClaudianDynasty.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

Nero had regained the control of the empire militarily, but this opportunity was used by his enemies in Rome. [[Nymphidius Sabinus]], who desired to become emperor himself, bribed the Praetorian Guard to betray Nero. Sabinus was later murdered in favour of Galba.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://roman-emperors.sites.luc.edu/sabinus.htm |title=An Online Encyclopedia of Roman Emperors |last=Coffta |first=David J. |date=1996 |access-date=October 12, 2022 |archive-date=October 12, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221012213459/https://roman-emperors.sites.luc.edu/sabinus.htm |url-status=live }}</ref><!-- not sure this ref is needed since the material is covered in the linked article -->

Nero reportedly committed suicide with the help of his scribe [[Epaphroditus (freedman of Nero)|Epaphroditus]]. The Senate had been trying to preserve the dynastic bloodline by saving Nero's life, and were additionally reluctant to let someone who was not of the family become emperor; however, once he had committed suicide, and with Galba marching on the city, it had no choice but to declare him a public enemy posthumously. With his death, the reign of the Julio-Claudian dynasty came to an end. Chaos then ensued in the [[Year of the Four Emperors]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Julio-Claudian dynasty {{!}} ancient Rome {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Julio-Claudian-dynasty |access-date=2022-06-23 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en |archive-date=2020-09-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200901160710/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Julio-Claudian-dynasty |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Survival after the fall of Nero===
The lineage of Augustus endured into the era of the [[Nerva–Antonine dynasty|Nerva-Antonine dynasty]], the house that succeeded the [[Flavian dynasty|Flavians]]. Augustus' bloodline outlived his dynasty through the descendants of his first granddaughter, [[Julia the Younger]], who married [[Lucius Aemilius Paullus (consul 1)|Lucius Aemilius Paullus]] and gave birth to [[Aemilia Lepida (fiancee of Claudius)|Aemilia Lepida]].<ref>Suetonius, ''The Twelve Caesars'', "II. Augustus", LXXII</ref> After marrying [[Marcus Junius Silanus Torquatus (consul 19)|Marcus Junius Silanus Torquatus]], Aemilia gave birth to several children, including [[Junia Calvina]] and [[Junia Lepida]]. Although Calvina died childless, she was married to [[Lucius Vitellius the Younger|Lucius Vitellius]], whose elder brother was the short-lived emperor [[Vitellius]]. Her younger sister, Junia Lepida, married [[Gaius Cassius Longinus (husband of Junia Lepida)|Gaius Cassius Longinus]]<ref>Barrett, Anthony, ''Caligula: The Corruption of Power'' (Touchstone, 1989), pp. viii–ix.</ref> and produced a daughter called Cassia Longina. The Roman general [[Gnaeus Domitius Corbulo]] married Cassia, who provided him with two daughters, including [[Domitia Longina]], later wife of the emperor [[Domitian]].<ref name=levick-200>Levick (2002), p. 200</ref> By her first husband, [[Lucius Aelius Lamia Plautius Aelianus]], Domitia Longina may have been the mother or maternal grandmother of [[Lucius Fundanius Lamia Aelianus]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Settipani |first=Christian |title=Continuité gentilice et continuité familiale dans les familles sénatoriales romaines à l'époque impériale: mythe et réalité |publisher=Unit for Prosopographical Research, Linacre College, University of Oxford |year=2000 |isbn=978-1900934022 |pages=596}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Birley |first=Anthony R |title=Marcus Aurelius: A Biography |publisher=Routledge |year=2012 |isbn=978-1134695690 |edition=reworked |pages=}}</ref> Fundanius married Rupilia, sister of [[Rupilia Faustina]], and had a son, [[Lucius Plautius Lamia Silvanus]], consul in AD 145, as well as a daughter, Fundania, married to [[Marcus Annius Libo]], consul in AD 128. Fundania's offspring included [[Marcus Annius Libo (consul 161)|Marcus Annius Libo]], suffect consul in AD 161, and [[Annia Fundania Faustina]] (d. AD 192), wife of [[Titus Pomponius Proculus Vitrasius Pollio]].<ref>[[Anthony Birley]], ''Marcus Aurelius, a Biography'', revised edition (London: Routledge, 1987), p. 32</ref> Faustina and both of her children, Titus Fundanius Vitrasius Pollio (d. AD 182) and [[Vitrasia Faustina]], were executed by [[Commodus]] on the charge of conspiracy.

In addition to Cassia Longina, Junia Lepida gave birth to a son called [[Cassius Lepidus]]. Around AD 80 Lepidus had a daughter named [[Cassia Lepida]], who married [[Gaius Julius Alexander Berenicianus]], a descendant of [[Herod the Great]], [[Ptolemy VI Philometor]] and [[Antiochus VIII Grypus|Antiochus VIII Gryphus]]. [[Julia Cassia Alexandria]], Lepida's daughter by Berenicianus, married [[Gaius Avidius Heliodorus]] and ultimately gave birth to [[Avidius Cassius|Gaius Avidius Cassius]].{{sfn|Smith|1870|p=626}}{{sfn|Astarita|1983|p=27}} Avidius Cassius had three children with his wife (named either [[Volusia Vettia]] or [[Volusia Maeciana]]);{{sfn|Astarita|1983|p=27}} they were [[Avidius Heliodorus]], [[Avidius Maecianus]] and [[Avidia Alexandra]].{{sfn|Birley|2001|p=191}}  In AD 175 Cassius was proclaimed emperor after he received erroneous news of the death of [[Marcus Aurelius]],{{sfn|Birley|2001|p=184}} whose survival made Cassius a [[Roman usurper|usurper]] of the empire.{{sfn|Birley|2001|p=185}} Cassius' rebellion ended three months into his bid for the throne when one of his [[centurion]]s assassinated him in favour of Marcus Aurelius.{{sfn|Smith|1870|p=441}} Cassius' daughter, Avidia, is known to have had four children with her husband, [[Titius Claudius Dryantianus Antonius]]: the [[Roman Senate|senator]] Claudius Cassius Aggripinus, Claudia Maeciana Alexandra, Claudia Vettia Agrippina, and Claudia Dryantilla Platonis, one of the women who took part in the ''[[ludi saeculares]]'' of the year AD 204.<ref>Jameson, Shelagh (1966). "Two Lycian Families". ''Anatolian Studies''. '''16''': 125–137 [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/anatolian-studies/article/abs/two-lycian-families/816CEFFDEE722539635AF3C4CDCD4678 10.2307/3642481] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230719014242/https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/anatolian-studies/article/abs/two-lycian-families/816CEFFDEE722539635AF3C4CDCD4678 |date=2023-07-19 }} {{JSTOR|3642481]
}} {{Cite web |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3642481 |title=Archived copy |access-date=2023-07-19 |archive-date=2023-07-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230713165651/https://www.jstor.org/stable/3642481 |url-status=bot: unknown }} [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]] [https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Two-Lycian-Families-Jameson/f50f6d706f5cd1b6f02b6b4230c91502e7966c9e 161893470] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230719014234/https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Two-Lycian-Families-Jameson/f50f6d706f5cd1b6f02b6b4230c91502e7966c9e |date=2023-07-19 }}</ref>

Tiberius' lineage may have survived into the [[2nd century]] through the offspring of his granddaughter [[Julia Livia]], wife of [[Gaius Rubellius Blandus]]. Apart from a son, [[Rubellius Plautus]], executed by Nero in AD 62, Julia had a daughter or step-daughter, [[Rubellia Bassa]], who married a maternal uncle of the future Roman Emperor [[Nerva]] by the name of [[Gaius Octavius Laenas]]. Together Laenas and Bassa had at least one child, a surmised son, who was the grandfather of [[Sergius Octavius Laenas Pontianus]], consul in AD 131.<ref name=":02">{{Cite journal |last=Syme |first=Ronald |date=Spring 1982 |title=The Marriage of Rubellius Blandus |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/293964 |journal=The American Journal of Philology |volume=103 |issue=1 |pages=62–85 |doi=10.2307/293964 |jstor=293964  |access-date=2023-07-19 |archive-date=2023-07-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230717220024/https://www.jstor.org/stable/293964 |url-status=live }}</ref> 
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| image1            = Stemma della famiglia Colonna.svg
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| caption1          = Coat of Arms of the [[Colonna family]], claim to be descended from the Julio-Claudian dynasty
| image2            = Coat of arms of the house of Orsini (3).svg
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| caption2          = Princely arms of the Gravina line of the [[Orsini family]], claim to be descended from the Julio-Claudian dynasty
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