Editing Judo (section)

===Early life of its founder===
[[File:Kano Jigoro.jpg|thumb|left|[[Jigoro Kano]], founder of judo]]

The early history of judo is inseparable from its founder, [[Japanese people|Japanese]] [[polymath]] and educator {{nihongo3|Jigoro Kano|嘉納 治五郎|[[Kanō Jigorō]]|1860–1938}}, born {{nihongo3|Jigorō Shinnosuke|新之助 治五郎|Shinnosuke Jigorō}}. Kano was born into a relatively affluent family. His father, Jirosaku, was the second son of the head priest of the [[Shinto]] [[Hiyoshi Shrine|Hiyoshi shrine]] in [[Shiga Prefecture]]. He married Sadako Kano, daughter of the owner of Kiku-Masamune sake brewing company and was adopted by the family, changing his name to Kano. He ultimately became an official in the [[Bakufu#Shogunate|Shogunate]] government.<ref>Kano (2008) pp. 46–47</ref>

Jigoro Kano had an academic upbringing and, from the age of seven, he studied English, {{nihongo3|[[Japanese calligraphy]]|書道|shodō}} and the {{nihongo|[[Four Books#Four Books|Four Confucian Texts]]|四書|Shisho}} under a number of tutors.<ref name="Kano 2008, p. 1; Hoare 2009, p. 43">Kano (2008) p. 1; Hoare (2009) p. 43</ref> When he was fourteen, Kano began boarding at an English-medium school, Ikuei-Gijuku in [[Shiba, Tokyo]]. The culture of [[bullying]] endemic at this school was the catalyst that caused Kano to seek out a {{nihongo3|[[Jujutsu]]|柔術|Jūjutsu}} {{nihongo3|[[dōjō]]|道場|dōjō|training place}} at which to train.<ref name="Kano 2008, p. 1; Hoare 2009, p. 43"/>

Early attempts to find a jujutsu teacher who was willing to take him on met with little success. Jujutsu had become unfashionable in an increasingly [[Westernization|westernized]] Japan. Many of those who had once taught the art had been forced out of teaching or become so disillusioned with it that they had simply given up. Nakai Umenari, an acquaintance of Kanō's father and a former soldier, agreed to show him ''kata'', but not to teach him. The caretaker of Jirosaku's second house, Katagiri Ryuji, also knew jujutsu, but would not teach it as he believed it was no longer of practical use. Another frequent visitor, Imai Genshiro of ''[[Kyushin-ryū]]'' school of jujutsu, also refused.<ref name="Kano (2008) p. 2">Kano (2008) p. 2</ref> Several years passed before he finally found a willing teacher.<ref name="Kano (2008) p. 2"/>

In 1877, as a student at the [[University of Tokyo]], Kano learned that many jujutsu teachers had been forced to pursue alternative careers, frequently opening {{nihongo3|''Seikotsu-in''|整骨院||traditional osteopathy practices}}.<ref>Hoare (2009) p. 44</ref> After inquiring at a number of these, Kano was referred to Fukuda Hachinosuke ({{circa|1828}}–1880),<ref>Fukuda (2004) p. 145</ref> a teacher of the ''[[Tenjin Shin'yō-ryū]]'' of jujutsu, who had a small nine mat [[dōjō]] where he taught five students.<ref>Kano (2008) pp. 3–4; Hoare (2009) pp. 45–47; Fukuda (2004) pp. 145–152. Keiko Fukuda 9th Dan (born 1913) is the granddaughter of Fukuda Hachinosuke, and is the last surviving direct student of Kano: {{cite news |last=Davis |first=Simon |title=Be Strong, Be Gentle, Be Beautiful - Keiko Fukuda |url=http://www.usjf.com/2011/01/be-strong-be-gentle-be-beautiful/ |publisher=United States Judo Federation |access-date=March 12, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110308231204/http://www.usjf.com/2011/01/be-strong-be-gentle-be-beautiful/ |archive-date=March 8, 2011 }}</ref> Fukuda is said to have emphasized technique over formal exercise, sowing the seeds of Kano's emphasis on {{nihongo3|[[randori]]|乱取り|randori|free practice}} in judo.

On Fukuda's death in 1880, Kano, who had become his keenest and most able student in both ''randori'' and ''kata'', was given the {{nihongo3|''densho''|伝書||scrolls}} of the Fukuda dōjō.<ref>Kano (2008) p. 6; Hoare (2009) p. 47</ref> Kano chose to continue his studies at another ''Tenjin Shin'yō-ryū'' school, that of Iso Masatomo ({{circa|1820}}–1881). Iso placed more emphasis on the practice of "kata", and entrusted ''randori'' instruction to assistants, increasingly to Kano.<ref>Kano (2008), pp. 9–10</ref> Iso died in June 1881 and Kano went on to study at the dōjō of Iikubo Tsunetoshi (1835–1889) of {{nihongo3|''[[Kito-ryū|Kitō-ryū]]''|起倒流}}.<ref name=":0">Kano (2008), p. 11</ref> Like Fukuda, Iikubo placed much emphasis on ''randori'', with ''Kitō-ryū'' having a greater focus on {{nihongo3|''nage-waza''|投げ技||throwing techniques}}.<ref>Kano (2005), p. 23</ref>