Editing Juan Bautista de Anza (section)

==California expeditions==
{{more citations needed|section|date=March 2019}}
[[File:Juba deanza 02.jpg|thumb|upright|left|Juan Bautista de Anza, from a portrait in oil by Fray Orsi in 1774]]
[[File:Juba map.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|Map of the route that Juan Bautista de Anza traveled in 1775–76 from Mexico to today's San Francisco]]
The Spanish began colonizing [[Alta California]] with the [[Portolá expedition]] of 1769–1770. The two-pronged Portolá effort involved both a long sea voyage against prevailing winds and the [[California Current]], and a difficult land route from Baja California. Colonies were established at [[San Diego, California|San Diego]] and [[Monterey, California|Monterey]], with a [[presidio]] and Franciscan [[Spanish missions of California|mission]] at each location. A more direct land route and further colonization were desired, especially at present-day [[San Francisco, California|San Francisco]], which Portolá saw but was not able to colonize. By the time of Juan Bautista de Anza's expedition, three more missions had been established, including [[Mission San Antonio de Padua]] in the [[Salinas Valley]].

In 1772, Anza<ref>[http://anza.uoregon.edu/people/name.html Web de Anza. The Basque surname was simply Anza, without "de"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160320051555/http://anza.uoregon.edu/people/name.html |date=2016-03-20 }}</ref> proposed an expedition to Alta California to the [[Viceroy]] of New Spain. This was approved by the [[Spanish monarchy|King of Spain]] and on January 8, 1774, with 3 padres, 20 soldiers, 11 servants, 35 mules, 65 cattle, and 140 horses, Anza set forth from [[Tubac Presidio]], south of present-day [[Tucson, Arizona]]. Anza heard of a California Native American called Sebastian Tarabal who had fled from [[Mission San Gabriel]] to Sonora, and took him as guide. The expedition took a southern route along the [[Altar River|Rio Altar]] ([[Sonora y Sinaloa]], New Spain), then paralleled the present-day Mexico–California border, crossing the [[Colorado River (U.S.)|Colorado River]] at its confluence with the [[Gila River]]. This was in the domain of the [[Quechan|Yuma]] tribe, with which he established good relations.

Anza reached [[Mission San Gabriel Arcángel]], near the California coast, on March 22, 1774, and [[Monterey, California]], Alta California's future capital (Alta California split from Las Californias 1804, creating Baja and Alta), on April 19. He returned to Tubac by late May 1774. This expedition was closely watched by [[Viceroy]] and King, and on October 2, 1774, Anza was promoted to the rank of [[lieutenant-colonel]], and ordered to lead a group of colonists to Alta California. The Spanish were desirous of reinforcing their presence in Alta California as a buffer against [[Russian colonization of the Americas]] advancing from the north, and possibly establish a harbor that would give shelter to Spanish ships. The expedition got under way on October 23, 1775, and arrived at [[Mission San Gabriel Arcángel]] in January 1776, the colonists having suffered greatly from the winter weather en route.

The expedition continued on to Monterey with the colonists. Having fulfilled his mission from the Viceroy, he continued north with the priest [[Pedro Font]] and a party of twelve others, following an inland route to the [[San Francisco Bay]] established in 1770 by [[Pedro Fages#Expeditions to San Francisco Bay|Pedro Fages]].{{cn|date=February 2024}} On the way, he led a raid on Apache settlements near [[Presidio San Ignacio de Tubac]], capturing forty Apaches. The soldiers divided the captives among them as slaves; Anza kept the fifteen female captives and their newborns as his share.<ref name="stockel">{{cite book |last1=Stockel |first1=Henrietta |title=Salvation Through Slavery: Chiricahua Apaches and Priests on the Spanish Colonial Frontier |date=15 September 2022 |publisher=University of New Mexico Press |isbn=978-0-8263-4327-7 |language=en}}</ref>

In Anza's diary on March 25, 1776, he states that he "arrived at the arroyo of [[Saint Joseph of Cupertino Parish|San Joseph Cupertino]] (now [[Stevens Creek (California)|Stevens Creek]]), which is useful only for travelers. Here we halted for the night, having come eight leagues in seven and a half hours. From this place we have seen at our right the estuary which runs from the port of San Francisco."<ref>de Anza, Juan Bautista (1776). ''Diary of Juan Bautista de Anza October 23, 1775 – June 1, 1776''. {{cite web |title=Anza 1776 Colonizing Diary |url=http://anza.uoregon.edu/anza76.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091125111001/http://anza.uoregon.edu/anza76.html |archive-date=2009-11-25 |access-date=2009-12-14}} Accessed September 8, 2009 [[University of Oregon]] [[Web de Anza]] pages</ref> Pressing on, Anza located the sites for the [[Presidio of San Francisco]] and [[Mission San Francisco de Asis]] in present-day [[San Francisco, California]] on March 28, 1776. He did not establish the settlement; it was established later by [[José Joaquín Moraga]]. While returning to Monterey, he located the original sites for [[Mission Santa Clara de Asis]] and the town of San José de Guadalupe (present-day [[San Jose, California]]), but again did not establish either settlement.<ref name="DeAnza-Moraga-Palou">{{cite web
 |author=Edward F. O'Day 
 |title=The Founding of San Francisco 
 |date=October 1926 
 |url=http://www.sfmuseum.org/hist6/founding.html 
 |access-date=February 7, 2013 
 |publisher=Spring Valley Water Authority 
 |work=San Francisco Water 
 |url-status=dead 
 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100727190828/http://www.sfmuseum.org/hist6/founding.html 
 |archive-date=July 27, 2010 
}}</ref> Today this route is marked as the [[Juan Bautista de Anza National Historic Trail]].

Despite DeAnza's successes, Spanish ambitions to establish a permanent overland route from Sonora to Alta California were thwarted in 1781, when a revolt of the [[Fort Romualdo Pacheco#Yuma Massacre|Yumas tribe]] closed the trail at the [[Yuma Crossing]] of the Colorado River. The route was not reopened until the late 1820s, and the only regular travel to Alta California during the intervening years was by sea.