Editing Journalism (section)

==Forms==
{{Main|Journalism genres}}
There are several forms of journalism with diverse audiences. Journalism is said to serve the role of a "[[fourth estate]]", acting as a [[watchdog journalism|watchdog]] on the workings of the government. A single publication (such as a newspaper) contains many forms of journalism, each of which may be presented in different formats. Each section of a newspaper, magazine, or website may cater to a different audience.<ref>{{cite journal |first1=Gerald C. |last1=Stone |first2 = Mary K. |last2=O'Donnell |first3=Stephen |last3=Banning |date=January 1, 1997 |title=Public perceptions of a newspaper's watchdog role |journal=Newspaper Research Journal |volume=18 |issue=1–2|pages=86–102 |doi=10.1177/073953299701800108 |s2cid=107456650}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Harcup |first=Tony |title=Journalism: principles and practice |date=2011 |publisher=SAGE |isbn=978-1-84787-250-0 |edition=2. ed., repr |location=London}}</ref>
[[File:Photojournalists photograph President Barack Obama.jpg|thumb|Photojournalists photographing US President Barack Obama in November 2013]] [[File:Suleiman Kova and media, 2013 DSM Building Collapse.jpg|thumb|[[Photojournalism|Photo]] and broadcast journalists interviewing a government official after a [[2013 Dar es Salaam building collapse|building collapse]] in [[Dar es Salaam]], Tanzania. March 2013.]]

Some forms include:
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* [[Access journalism]] – journalists who self-censor and voluntarily cease speaking about issues that might embarrass their hosts, guests, or powerful politicians or businesspersons.
* [[Advocacy journalism]] – writing to advocate particular viewpoints or influence the opinions of the audience.
* [[Broadcast journalism]] – written or spoken journalism for radio or television[[File:CBC_journalists_in_Montreal.jpg|thumb|Journalists in the [[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation|Radio-Canada/CBC]] newsroom in [[Montreal]], Canada]]
[[File:Media greeting Cap Anamur in Hamburg, Germany 1986.jpg|thumb|Media greeting Cap Anamur II's Rupert Neudeck in Hamburg, 1986 at a press conference]]
* [[Business journalism]] – tracks, records, analyzes and interprets the business, economic and financial activities and changes that take place in societies.
* [[Citizen journalism|Citizen journalism – participatory journalism.]]
* [[Data journalism]] – the practice of finding stories in numbers, and using numbers to tell stories. Data journalists may use data to support their reporting. They may also report about uses and misuses of data. The US news organization [[ProPublica]] is known as a pioneer of data journalism.
* [[Drone journalism]] – use of [[Unmanned aerial vehicle|drones]] to capture journalistic footage.<ref>{{cite news|last=Corcoran|first=Mark|title=Drone journalism takes off|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2012-02-21/drone-journalism-takes-off/3840616|access-date=25 March 2012|newspaper=[[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]]|date=21 February 2012}}</ref>
* [[Gonzo journalism]] – first championed by [[Hunter S. Thompson]], gonzo journalism is a "highly personal style of reporting".<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|title=Gonzo Journalism|url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/1069436/gonzo-journalism|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica|access-date=14 October 2012}}</ref>
* [[Interactive journalism]] – a type of online journalism that is presented on the web
* [[Investigative journalism]] – in-depth reporting that uncovers social problems.
* [[Long-form journalism]] – journalism aimed at producing works that capture the reader's attention for an extended period of time
* [[Photojournalism]] – the practice of telling true stories through images
* [[Political journalism]] – coverage of all aspects of politics and political science 
* [[Science journalism]] - conveys reporting about science to the public
* [[Sensor journalism]] – the use of sensors to support journalistic inquiry
*[[Sports journalism]] – writing that reports on matters pertaining to sporting topics and competitions
*[[Student journalism]] – the practice of journalism by students at an educational institution, often covering topics particularly relevant to the student body
* [[Tabloid journalism]] – writing that is light-hearted and entertaining. Considered less legitimate than mainstream journalism.
* [[Yellow journalism]] (or [[sensationalism]]) – writing which emphasizes exaggerated claims or rumors.
* [[Global journalism]] – journalism that encompasses a global outlook focusing on intercontinental issues.
* [[War journalism]] – the covering of wars and armed conflicts

=== Social media ===
The rise of social media has drastically changed the nature of journalistic reporting, giving rise to so-called [[Citizen journalism|citizen journalists]]. In a 2014 study of journalists in the United States, 40% of participants claimed they rely on social media as a source, with over 20% depending on [[Microblogging|microblogs]] to collect facts.<ref name=":0" /> From this, the conclusion can be drawn that breaking news nowadays often stems from user-generated content, including videos and pictures posted online in social media.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://archive.news.indiana.edu/releases/iu/2014/05/2013-american-journalist-key-findings.pdf|title=The American Journalist in the Digital Age: Key Findings|last=Willnat|first=Lars|date=2014}}</ref> However, though 69.2% of the surveyed journalists agreed that social media allowed them to connect to their audience, only 30% thought it had a positive influence on news credibility.<ref name=":0" /> In addition to this, a 2021 study done by [[Pew Research Center]] shows that 86% of Americans are getting their news from digital devices.<ref>{{Cite web|title=86% of Americans get news online from smartphone, computer or tablet|url=https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2021/01/12/more-than-eight-in-ten-americans-get-news-from-digital-devices/|access-date=2021-09-30|website=Pew Research Center|date=12 January 2021 |language=en-US}}</ref>

Consequently, this has resulted in arguments to reconsider journalism as a process distributed among many authors, including the socially mediating public, rather than as individual products and articles written by dedicated journalists.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Robinson|first=Sue|year=2011|title="Journalism as Process": The Organizational Implications of Participatory Online News|journal=Journalism & Communication Monographs|volume=13|issue=3|page=137|doi=10.1177/152263791101300302|s2cid=146669105}}</ref>

Because of these changes, the credibility ratings of news outlets has reached an all-time low. A 2014 study revealed that only 22% of Americans reported a "great deal" or "quite a lot of confidence" in either television news or newspapers.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Heflin|first=Heflin|date=2015|title=The Internet Is Not the Antidote: A Cultural-Historical Analysis of Journalism's Crisis of Credibility and the Internet as a Remedy|journal=Journalism History|doi=10.1080/00947679.2015.12059127|s2cid=147655744}}</ref>

=== Fake news ===
[[File:20241116 "Fake news" (topic) on Google Trends.svg |thumb |[[Google Trends]] topic searches for "[[Fake news]]" began a substantial increase in late 2016, about the time of the U.S. presidential election.<ref name=FakeNews_GoogleTrends>{{cite web |title=Fake news / topic |url=https://trends.google.com/trends/explore?date=all&q=%2Fg%2F1210rwkh&hl=en |website=Google Trends |date=16 November 2024 |quote=Worldwide / 2004 - present / All categories / Web Search }}</ref>]]

"Fake news" is deliberately untruthful information, which can often spread quickly on social media or by means of [[fake news website]]s. 

It is often published to intentionally mislead readers to ultimately benefit a cause, organization or an individual. A glaring example was the proliferation of fake news in social media during the [[2016 United States presidential election|2016 U.S. presidential election]]. [[Conspiracy]] theories, hoaxes, and lies have been circulated under the guise of news reports to benefit specific candidates. One example is a fabricated report of [[Hillary Clinton]]'s email which was published by a non-existent newspaper called The [[Denver]] Guardian.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-37896753|title=US election: Fake news becomes the news|date=2016-11-07|work=BBC News|access-date=2018-05-26|language=en-GB}}</ref> Many critics blamed Facebook for the spread of such material. Its news feed algorithm, in particular, was identified by [[Vox (website)|Vox]] as the platform where the social media giant exercise billions of editorial decisions every day. Social media platforms such as Facebook, Twitter and [[TikTok]] are distributors of disinformation or "fake news".<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.vox.com/new-money/2016/11/6/13509854/facebook-politics-news-bad|title=Mark Zuckerberg is in denial about how Facebook is harming our politics|work=Vox|access-date=2018-05-26}}</ref> [[Mark Zuckerberg]], the CEO of Facebook, has acknowledged the company's role in this problem: in a testimony before a combined Senate Judiciary and Commerce committee hearing on 20 April 2018, he said:<blockquote>It's clear now that we didn't do enough to prevent these tools from being used for harm as well. That goes for fake news, foreign interference in elections, and hate speech, as well as developers and data privacy.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-switch/wp/2018/04/09/facebook-chief-executive-mark-zuckerberg-to-captiol-hill-it-was-my-mistake-and-im-sorry/|title=Facebook CEO Mark Zuckerberg to Capitol Hill: 'It was my mistake, and I'm sorry.'|last1=Timberg|first1=Craig|date=2018-04-09|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|access-date=2018-05-26|last2=Romm|first2=Tony|language=en-US|issn=0190-8286}}</ref></blockquote>Readers can often evaluate credibility of news by examining the credibility of the underlying news organization.

The phrase was popularized and used by [[Donald Trump]] during his [[Donald Trump presidential campaign, 2016|presidential campaign]] to discredit what he perceived as negative news coverage of his candidacy and then the presidency.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.vox.com/policy-and-politics/2018/5/9/17335306/trump-tweet-twitter-latest-fake-news-credentials|title=Trump finally admits that "fake news" just means news he doesn't like|work=Vox|access-date=2018-11-26}}</ref>

In some countries, including [[Turkey]],<ref>{{cite news |title=Turkey: COVID-19 pandemic increases climate of fear for journalists |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2020/05/turkey-covid19-pandemic-increases-climate-of-fear-for-journalists/ |work=Amnesty International |date=1 May 2020}}</ref> [[Egypt]],<ref>{{cite news |title=Egypt is more concerned with controlling information than containing the coronavirus |url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/opinion/article-egypt-is-more-concerned-with-controlling-information-than-containing/ |work=The Globe and Mail |date=3 April 2020}}</ref> India,<ref>{{cite news |title=Journalists detained, assaulted in India during COVID-19 lockdown |url=https://cpj.org/2020/04/journalists-detained-assaulted-in-india-during-cov.php |work=Committee to Protect Journalists |date=28 April 2020}}</ref> [[Bangladesh]],<ref>{{cite news |title=Bangladeshi journalists, cartoonist, arrested for Covid-19 coverage |url=https://rsf.org/en/news/bangladeshi-journalists-cartoonist-arrested-covid-19-coverage |publisher=Reporters Without Borders |date=14 May 2020}}</ref> [[Iran]],<ref>{{cite news |title=Iran: Press freedom violations recounted in real time January 2020 |url=https://rsf.org/en/news/iran-press-freedom-violations-recounted-real-time-january-2020 |publisher=Reporters Without Borders |date=14 May 2020 |access-date=17 May 2020 |archive-date=5 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200505210016/https://rsf.org/en/news/iran-press-freedom-violations-recounted-real-time-january-2020 |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Nigeria]],<ref>{{cite news |title=Coronavirus Law Used to Arrest Nigerian Journalist Over Health Story |url=https://www.marketwatch.com/press-release/coronavirus-law-used-to-arrest-nigerian-journalist-over-health-story-2020-04-20?mod=mw_more_headlines&tesla=y |work=Market Watch |date=20 April 2020 |access-date=17 May 2020 |archive-date=21 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200521204841/https://www.marketwatch.com/press-release/coronavirus-law-used-to-arrest-nigerian-journalist-over-health-story-2020-04-20?mod=mw_more_headlines&tesla=y |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Ethiopia]],<ref>{{cite news |title=Ethiopia: Free Speech at Risk Amid Covid-19 |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2020/05/06/ethiopia-free-speech-risk-amid-covid-19 |work=Human Rights Watch |date=6 May 2020}}</ref> [[Kenya]],<ref>{{cite news |title=Protect Kenya's Journalists Reporting on Covid-19 |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2020/05/04/protect-kenyas-journalists-reporting-covid-19 |work=Human Rights Watch |date=4 May 2020}}</ref> [[Cote d’Ivoire]],<ref>{{cite news |title=Authorities across West Africa attacking journalists covering COVID-19 pandemic |url=https://ifex.org/authorities-across-west-africa-attacking-journalists-covering-covid-19-pandemic/ |work=[[IFEX (organization)|IFEX]] |date=22 April 2020}}</ref> [[Montenegro]],<ref>{{cite news |title=Concern for Rights in Montenegro amid COVID-19 Fight |url=https://balkaninsight.com/2020/03/26/concern-for-rights-in-montenegro-amid-covid-19-fight/ |work=[[Balkan Insight]] |date=26 March 2020}}</ref> [[Kazakhstan]],<ref>{{cite news |title=Kazakh journalists harassed over Covid-19 reporting |url=https://rsf.org/en/news/kazakh-journalists-harassed-over-covid-19-reporting |publisher=Reporters Without Borders |date=30 April 2020}}</ref> [[Azerbaijan]],<ref>{{cite news |title=Azerbaijan: Crackdown on Critics Amid Pandemic |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2020/04/16/azerbaijan-crackdown-critics-amid-pandemic |work=Human Rights Watch |date=16 April 2020}}</ref> [[Malaysia]],<ref>{{cite news |title=Malaysian journalist faces six years in prison over COVID-19 Facebook posts |url=https://cpj.org/blog/2020/05/malaysian-journalist-faces-six-years-in-prison-ove.php |work=Committee to Protect Journalists |date=5 May 2020}}</ref> Singapore,<ref>{{cite news |title=Singapore's Fake News and Contempt Laws a Threat to Media, Journalists Say |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/press-freedom_singapores-fake-news-and-contempt-laws-threat-media-journalists-say/6188439.html |work=[[Voice of America]] |date=6 May 2020}}</ref> [[Philippines]],<ref>{{cite news |title=Some leaders use pandemic to sharpen tools against critics |url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/coronavirus-crisis-excuses-curbs-free-speech-70177977 |work=ABC News |date=16 April 2020}}</ref> and [[Somalia]]<ref>{{cite news |title=Somali Journalists Arrested, Intimidated While Covering COVID-19 |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/extremism-watch_somali-journalists-arrested-intimidated-while-covering-covid-19/6187794.html |work=Voice of America |date=18 April 2020}}</ref> journalists have been threatened or [[Misinformation related to the COVID-19 pandemic#Efforts to combat misinformation|arrested]] for allegedly spreading fake news about the [[COVID-19 pandemic]].

On 4 March 2022, Russian President [[Vladimir Putin]] signed into law a bill introducing [[Russian 2022 war censorship laws|prison sentences of up to 15 years]] for those who publish "knowingly false information" about the Russian armed forces and their operations, leading to some media outlets in Russia to stop reporting on Ukraine or shutting their media outlet.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2022/03/04/putin-signs-law-introducing-jail-terms-for-fake-news-on-army-a76768 |title=Putin Signs Law Introducing Jail Terms for 'Fake News' on Army |website=Moscow Times |date=4 March 2022 |archive-date=14 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220314132340/https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2022/03/04/putin-signs-law-introducing-jail-terms-for-fake-news-on-army-a76768 |url-status=live }}</ref> As of December 2022, more than 4,000 people were prosecuted under "fake news" laws in connection with the [[Russian invasion of Ukraine]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Weir |first1=Fred |title=In Russia, critiquing the Ukraine war could land you in prison |url=https://www.csmonitor.com/World/Europe/2022/1205/In-Russia-critiquing-the-Ukraine-war-could-land-you-in-prison |work=CSMonitor.com |date=5 December 2022}}</ref> At least 1,000 Russian journalists have fled Russia since February 2022.<ref>{{cite news |title=1K Journalists Have Fled Russia Since Ukraine Invasion – Report |url=https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2023/02/03/1k-journalists-have-fled-russia-since-ukraine-invasion-report-a80135 |work=The Moscow Times |date=3 February 2023}}</ref>