Editing Johns Hopkins University (section)

===Philanthropic beginnings and foundation===
{{Further|Humboldtian model of higher education|Johns Hopkins}}
[[File:Hopkinsp.jpg|thumb|left|170px|[[Johns Hopkins]], the university's namesake whose philanthropic gift in 1873 established the university, [[Johns Hopkins Hospital]], and the [[Johns Hopkins School of Medicine]]]]
[[File:Heidelberg Universitätsbibliothek 2003 b.jpg|thumb|The university model of [[Heidelberg University]] in [[Heidelberg]], Germany was replicated in the founding of Johns Hopkins University]]
On his death in 1873, [[Johns Hopkins]], a [[Quakers|Quaker]] entrepreneur and childless bachelor, bequeathed $7&nbsp;million (equivalent to ${{formatprice|{{Inflation|US-GDP|7000000|1873}}}} in {{inflation/year|US-GDP}}){{inflation/fn|US-GDP}} to fund a hospital and university in [[Baltimore]].<ref name="HC">{{cite web|url = http://web.jhu.edu/administration/communications/documents/johnshopkinsfactbook.pdf|title = The Homewood Campus: Its Buildings, Monuments and Sculpture|date = 2010|access-date = March 2, 2015|url-status=live|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150226004827/http://web.jhu.edu/administration/communications/documents/johnshopkinsfactbook.pdf|archive-date = February 26, 2015}}</ref>

At the time, this donation, generated primarily from the [[Baltimore and Ohio Railroad]],<ref name="Who Was Johns Hopkins?"/> was the largest philanthropic gift in the history of the United States,<ref name="Facts at a Glance"/> and endowment was then the largest in America.<ref name="racial_record"/><!-- from the paywalled article: In 1873 the Harvard University endowment was $2.5 million. Princeton University then had an endowment of $470,000. --> Until 2020, Hopkins was assumed to be a fervent [[abolitionism|abolitionist]], until research done by the school into his [[United States Census]] records revealed he claimed to own at least five household slaves in the 1840 and 1850 decennial censuses.<ref>{{cite web|date=December 9, 2020|title=Reexamining the history of our founder|url=https://president.jhu.edu/meet-president-daniels/speeches-articles-and-media/reexamining-the-history-of-our-founder/|access-date=2020-12-14|website=Office of the President - JHU|archive-date=March 24, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210324133832/https://president.jhu.edu/meet-president-daniels/speeches-articles-and-media/reexamining-the-history-of-our-founder/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Schuessler |first1=Jennifer |title=Johns Hopkins Reveals That Its Founder Owned Slaves |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/12/09/arts/johns-hopkins-slavery-abolitionist.html |access-date=14 December 2020 |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=9 December 2020 |archive-date=December 14, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201214150948/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/12/09/arts/johns-hopkins-slavery-abolitionist.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

The first name of philanthropist Johns Hopkins comes from the surname of his great-grandmother, Margaret Johns, who married Gerard Hopkins.<ref name="Who Was Johns Hopkins?"/> They named their son Johns Hopkins, who named his own son Samuel Hopkins. Samuel named one of his sons for his father, and that son became the university's benefactor. [[Milton Eisenhower]], a former university president, once spoke at a convention in [[Pittsburgh]] where the [[master of ceremonies]] introduced him as "President of ''John'' Hopkins". Eisenhower retorted that he was "glad to be here in ''Pitt''burgh".<ref name="Cheesecake on the Tart Side" />

The original board opted for an entirely novel university model dedicated to the discovery of knowledge at an advanced level, extending that of contemporary Germany.<ref name=muller/> Building on the [[Humboldtian model of higher education]], the [[Germany|German]] education model of [[Wilhelm von Humboldt]], it became dedicated to research. It was especially [[Heidelberg University]] and its long academic research history on which the new institution tried to model itself.<ref name=muller>{{cite book|title=A Spirit of Reason – Festschrift for Steven Muller|last=Janes|first=Jackson|year=2004|publisher=American Institute for Contemporary German Studies|location=[[Washington, D.C.]]|isbn=978-0-941441-88-9|oclc=179735617|page=15|url=http://www.aicgs.org/site/wp-content/uploads/2011/11/muller.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131213183552/http://www.aicgs.org/site/wp-content/uploads/2011/11/muller.pdf|archive-date=December 13, 2013}}</ref>{{failed verification|date=March 2020}} Johns Hopkins thereby became the model of the modern research university in the United States. Its success eventually shifted higher education in the United States from a focus on teaching revealed and/or applied knowledge to the scientific discovery of new knowledge.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/Johns_Hopkins_University.aspx|title = Johns Hopkins University|date = 2003|access-date = March 2, 2015|website = Encyclopedia.com|last = Sander|first = Kathleen Waters|url-status=live|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150402172320/http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/Johns_Hopkins_University.aspx|archive-date = April 2, 2015}}</ref> {{EB1911 poster|Johns Hopkins University|the Early History}}