Editing John William Polidori (section)

== Biography ==
John Polidori was one of the earliest pupils at the recently established [[Ampleforth College]] in [[North Yorkshire]] from 1804. In 1810 he went up to the [[University of Edinburgh]], where he wrote a thesis on [[sleepwalking]] and received his degree as a doctor of medicine on 1 August 1815, at the age of 19.<ref name="Polidori" />

In 1816, which became known as the [[Year Without a Summer]], Polidori entered [[Lord Byron]]'s service as his personal physician and accompanied him on a trip through Europe. Publisher [[John Murray (publishing house)|John Murray]] offered Polidori 500 English pounds to keep a diary of their travels, which Polidori's nephew William Michael Rossetti later edited. At the [[Villa Diodati]], a house Byron rented by [[Lake Geneva]] in Switzerland, the pair met with [[Mary Shelley|Mary Wollstonecraft Godwin]], her husband-to-be, [[Percy Bysshe Shelley]], and their companion (Mary's stepsister) [[Claire Clairmont]].

One night in June after the company had read aloud from ''[[Fantasmagoriana]]'', a French collection of German horror tales, Byron suggested they each write a ghost story. Percy Bysshe Shelley wrote "A Fragment of a Ghost Story" and wrote down five ghost stories recounted by [[Matthew Lewis (writer)|Matthew Gregory "Monk" Lewis]], published posthumously as the ''Journal at Geneva (including ghost stories) and on Return to England, 1816'', the journal entries beginning on 18 August 1816. Mary Shelley worked on a tale that would later evolve into ''[[Frankenstein]]''.<ref>[http://knarf.english.upenn.edu/Articles/rieger.html Rieger, James. "Dr. Polidori and the Genesis of ''Frankenstein''." ''Studies in English Literature 1500-1900'', 3 (Winter 1963), 461-72.]</ref> Byron wrote (and quickly abandoned) a fragment of a story, "[[Fragment of a Novel|A Fragment]]", featuring the main character Augustus Darvell, which Polidori used later as the basis for his own tale, "[[The Vampyre]]", the first published modern vampire story in English.<ref>{{Citation | title = Three Gothic Novels | editor-first = Mario | editor-last = Praz | publisher = Penguin | series = Classics | place = New York | year = 1968 | page = [https://archive.org/details/threegothicnovel00fair/page/ xxxix] | isbn = 0-14-043036-9 | url = https://archive.org/details/threegothicnovel00fair/page/ }}</ref>

Polidori's conversation with Percy Bysshe Shelley on 15 June 1816, as recounted in ''The Diary'', is regarded as the origin or genesis of ''Frankenstein''. They discussed "the nature of the principle of life": "June 15 - ... Shelley etc. came in the evening ... Afterwards, Shelley and I had a conversation about principles — whether man was to be thought merely an instrument."<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=kdEbDQAAQBAJ&dq=man+as+an+instrument+polidori&pg=PT26 Frayling, Christopher. ''Vampyres: Genesis and Resurrection: from Count Dracula to Vampirella.'' London: Thames and Hudson, 2016.]</ref><ref>Rieger 1963, pp. 461-72</ref>

Dismissed by Byron, Polidori travelled in Italy and then returned to England. His story, "The Vampyre", which featured the main character [[Lord Ruthven (vampire)|Lord Ruthven]], was published in the April 1819 issue of ''[[New Monthly Magazine]]'' without his permission. Whilst in London he lived on Great Pulteney Street in [[Soho]]. Much to both his and Byron's [[wikt:chagrin|chagrin]], "The Vampyre" was released as a new work by Byron. Byron's own vampire story "Fragment of a Novel" or "A Fragment" was published in 1819 in an attempt to clear up the confusion, but, for better or worse, "The Vampyre" continued to be attributed to him.<ref name="Polidori" />

Polidori's long, Byron-influenced theological poem ''[[The Fall of the Angels]]'' was published anonymously in 1821.<ref name="Polidori" />