Editing John Logie Baird (section)

==Television experiments==
In early 1923, and in poor health, Baird moved to 21 Linton Crescent, [[Hastings]], on the south coast of England. He later rented a workshop in the Queen's Arcade in the town. Baird built what was to become the world's first working television set using items that included an old hatbox and a pair of scissors, some darning needles, a few bicycle light lenses, a used tea chest, and sealing wax and glue that he purchased.<ref name=AMH/> In February 1924, he demonstrated to the ''Radio Times'' that a semi-mechanical [[analogue television]] system was possible by transmitting moving silhouette images.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Burns|first1=Russell|title=John Logie Baird, television pioneer|date=2000|publisher=Institution of Electrical Engineers|location=London|isbn=9780852967973|page=[https://archive.org/details/johnlogiebairdte0000burn/page/50 50]|url=https://archive.org/details/johnlogiebairdte0000burn|url-access=registration|quote=john logie baird 1924 demonstration radio times.}}</ref> In July of the same year, he received a 1000-volt electric shock but survived with only a burnt hand but, as a result, his landlord, Mr Tree, asked him to vacate the premises.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Burns|first1=R.W.|title=John Logie Baird: Television Pioneer|date=2000|publisher=IET|page=59}}</ref>  Soon after arriving in London, looking for publicity, Baird visited the ''[[Daily Express]]'' newspaper to promote his invention. The news editor was terrified and he was quoted by one of his staff as saying: "For God's sake, go down to reception and get rid of a lunatic who's down there. He says he's got a machine for seeing by wireless! Watch him—he may have a razor on him."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.acmi.net.au/AIC/BAIRD_BIO.html |archive-url=https://webarchive.nla.gov.au/awa/20040302130000/http://pandora.nla.gov.au/pan/13071/20040303-0000/www.acmi.net.au/AIC/BAIRD_BIO.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=2 March 2004 |title=Australian Web Archive |publisher=webarchive.nla.gov.au |date=23 August 2006 |access-date=2 October 2013}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>

[[File:John Logie Baird, Apparatus.jpg|thumb|left|John Logie Baird with his television apparatus, {{Circa|1925}}]]
In these attempts to develop a working television system, Baird experimented using the [[Nipkow disk]]. [[Paul Gottlieb Nipkow]] had invented this scanning system in 1884.<ref name=Ambramson87>Albert Abramson, ''The History of Television, 1880 to 1941'', McFarland, 1987, pp. 13–15.</ref> Television historian Albert Abramson calls Nipkow's patent "the master television patent".<ref name=Abramson87/> Nipkow's work is important because Baird, followed by many others, chose to develop it into a broadcast medium.

[[Image:John Logie Baird and Stooky Bill.png|thumb|left|Baird in 1926 with his televisor equipment and dummies "James" and "Stooky Bill"]]
In his laboratory on 2 October 1925, Baird successfully transmitted the first television picture with a [[greyscale]] image: the head of a ventriloquist's dummy nicknamed "[[Stooky Bill]]" in a 32-line vertically scanned image, at five pictures per second.<ref>R. W. Burns, ''Television: An International History of the Formative Years'', p. 264.</ref> Baird went downstairs and fetched an office worker, 20-year-old William Edward Taynton, to see what a human face would look like, and Taynton became the first person to be televised in a full tonal range.<ref>Donald F. McLean, ''Restoring Baird's Image'', p. 37.</ref>

In June 1924, Baird purchased [[thallium(I) sulfide|thallium sulfide]] (developed by [[Theodore Case]] in the US)<ref name="IEEE">{{cite journal |title=John Logie Baird and the Secret in the Box: The Undiscovered Story Behind the World's First Public Demonstration of Television |journal=Proceedings of the IEEE |date=August 2020 |volume=108 |issue=8 |pages=1371–1382 |doi=10.1109/JPROC.2020.2996793 |last1=Inglis |first1=Brandon D. |last2=Couples |first2=Gary D. |doi-access=free }}</ref> from [[Cyril Frank Elwell]]. The chemical became an important part in the development of "talking pictures." Baird's implementation of the [[Thallium(I) sulfide|thallium sulfide]] resulted in the first live-animated image on lense from [[reflected light]]. He improved the [[signal conditioning]] from the thallium sulfide "cell" via temperature optimisation (cooling) and his own custom-designed video amplifier,<ref name="IEEE"/> pioneering the technology we now use today.

===First public demonstrations===
Baird gave the first public demonstration of moving silhouette images by television at [[Selfridges]] department store in London in a three-week period beginning on 25 March 1925.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Cooke|first1=Lez|title=British Television Drama: A History|date=2015|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|page=9}}</ref>
[[File:John Logie Baird, 1st Image.jpg|thumb|upright|The first known photograph of a moving image produced by Baird's "televisor", as reported in ''[[The Times]]'', 28 January 1926 (The subject is Baird's business partner [[Oliver Hutchinson]].)]]
On 26 January 1926, Baird gave the first public demonstration of true television images for members of the [[Royal Institution]] and a reporter from ''[[The Times]]'' in his laboratory at 22 [[Frith Street]] in the [[Soho]] district of London, where [[Bar Italia]] is now located.<ref name="Historical Figures">{{cite web|title=Historic Figures: John Logie Baird (1888–1946)|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/baird_logie.shtml|publisher=BBC|access-date=28 April 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Inglis |first1=Brandon D. |last2=Couples |first2=Gary D. |title=John Logie Baird And The Secret In The Box: The Undiscovered Story Behind The World's First Public Demonstration Of Television |journal=Proceedings of the IEEE |date=August 2020 |volume=108 |issue=8 |pages=1371–1382 |doi=10.1109/JPROC.2020.2996793 |issn=1558-2256|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>Kamm and Baird, ''John Logie Baird: A Life'', p. 69</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=McLean|first=Donald F.|date=July 2014|title=The Achievement of Television: The Quality and Features of John Logie Baird's System in 1926|url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1179/1758120614Z.00000000048|journal=The International Journal for the History of Engineering & Technology|language=en|volume=84|issue=2|pages=227–247|doi=10.1179/1758120614Z.00000000048|s2cid=110636009|issn=1758-1206}}</ref> Baird initially used a scan rate of 5 pictures per second, improving this to 12.5 pictures per second c.1927. It was the first demonstration of a television system that could scan and display live moving images with tonal graduation.<ref name="Telegraph"/>
[[File:John_Logie_Baird_Blue_Plaque.jpg|thumb|upright|left|[[Blue plaque]] marking Baird's first demonstration of television at 22 Frith Street, Westminster, W1, London]]
He demonstrated the world's first colour transmission on 3 July 1928, using scanning discs at the transmitting and receiving ends with three spirals of apertures, each spiral with a filter of a different primary colour; and three light sources at the receiving end, with a [[commutator (electric)|commutator]] to alternate their illumination.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://patents.google.com/patent/US1925554|title=Patent US1925554 – Television apparatus and the like|access-date=23 January 2008}}</ref><ref>John Logie Baird, [https://patents.google.com/patent/US1925554 Television Apparatus and the Like], US patent, filed in UK in 1928.</ref> In the same year he also demonstrated stereoscopic television.<ref>R. F. Tiltman, [https://www.bairdtelevision.com/how-stereoscopic-television-is-shown-1928.html How "Stereoscopic" Television is Shown], ''Radio News'', Nov. 1928.</ref>

===Broadcasting===
In 1927, Baird transmitted the world's first long-distance television pictures over {{convert|438|mi|km}} of telephone line between London and Central Hotel at [[Glasgow Central station]].<ref>[http://www.scotlandontv.tv/scotland_on_tv/video.html?vxSiteId=60fdd544-9c52-4e17-be7e-57a2a2d76992&vxChannel=History%20Places&vxClipId=1380_SMG1671&vxBitrate=300 Interview with Paul Lyons] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081208195018/http://www.scotlandontv.tv/scotland_on_tv/video.html?vxSiteId=60fdd544-9c52-4e17-be7e-57a2a2d76992&vxChannel=History+Places&vxClipId=1380_SMG1671&vxBitrate=300 |date= 8 December 2008 }}, Historian and Control and Information Officer at Glasgow Central Station</ref>
This transmission was Baird's response to a 225-mile, long-distance telecast between stations of AT&T Bell Labs.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=McLean|first=Donald F.|date=June 2019|title=Seeing Across Oceans: John Logie Baird's 1928 Trans-Atlantic Television Demonstration [Scanning Our Past]|journal=Proceedings of the IEEE|volume=107|issue=6|pages=1206–1218|doi=10.1109/JPROC.2019.2911770|issn=0018-9219|doi-access=free}}</ref> The Bell stations were in New York and Washington, DC. The earlier telecast took place in April 1927, a month before Baird's demonstration.<ref name="Abramson87">Albert Abramson, ''The History of Television, 1880 to 1941'', McFarland, 1987, pp. 99–101.</ref>
[[File:John Logie Baird and mechanical television.jpg|thumb|right|Baird demonstrating his mechanical television system in New York, 1931]]
Baird set up the [[Edward Manville|Baird Television Development Company Ltd]], which in 1928 made the first transatlantic television transmission, from London to [[Hartsdale]], New York, and in 1929 the first television programmes officially transmitted by the [[BBC]].  In November 1929, Baird and [[Bernard Natan]] established France's first television company, Télévision-Baird-Natan.<ref>{{cite news|title=Scottish fact of the day: first TV signal broadcast|url=http://www.scotsman.com/heritage/people-places/scottish-fact-of-the-day-first-tv-signal-broadcast-1-2931348|newspaper=The Scotsman|date=9 October 2017}}</ref> Broadcast on the BBC on 14 July 1930, ''[[The Man with the Flower in His Mouth]]'' was the first drama shown on UK television.<ref>{{cite news|title=The Man with the Flower in his Mouth|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p02d2sm7|publisher=BBC|date=9 October 2017}}</ref> The BBC transmitted Baird's first live outside broadcast with the televising of [[Epsom Derby|The Derby]] in 1931.<ref>{{cite news|title=BBC's first television outside broadcast|url=http://www.bbceng.info/additions/2016/first-scanner-prospero-2010a.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.bbceng.info/additions/2016/first-scanner-prospero-2010a.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live|publisher=Prospero}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|author=Iain Logie Baird (April 2021) |title=Televising the Derby (1931)|url=https://www.bairdtelevision.com/televising-the-derby-1931.html|publisher=www.bairdtelevision.com}}</ref> He demonstrated a theatre television system, with a screen two feet by five feet (60&nbsp;cm by 150&nbsp;cm), in 1930 at the [[Coliseum Theatre|London Coliseum]], Berlin, Paris, and [[Stockholm]].<ref>{{cite news|author=John Logie Baird |title=Television in 1932 |url=https://www.bairdtelevision.com/television-in-1932-bbc-annual-report-1933.html|publisher=www.bairdtelevision.com}}</ref> By 1939 he had improved his theatre projection to televise a boxing match on a screen {{convert|15|ft|m|abbr=on}} by {{convert|12|ft|m|abbr=on}}.<ref>"Baird Television Limited – Growing Demand For Home Receivers – Success of Large Screen Projections in Cinemas – etc". ''[[The Times]]'', 3 April 1939 p23 column A.</ref>

From 1929 to 1935, the BBC transmitters were used to broadcast television programmes using the 30-line Baird system, and from 1932 to 1935 the BBC also produced the programmes in their own studio, first at Broadcasting House and then later at 16 Portland Place.<ref>{{cite news|author=Iain Logie Baird |title=1932 Television Demonstrated in 1952 |url=https://www.bairdtelevision.com/1932-television-demonstrated-in-1952.html|publisher=www.bairdtelevision.com}}</ref> In addition, from 1933 Baird and the Baird Company were producing and broadcasting a small number of television programmes independent of the BBC from Baird's studios and transmitter at the Crystal Palace in south London.<ref>Ray Herbert, ''[http://www.bairdtelevision.com/crystalpalace.html The Crystal Palace Television Studios: John Logie Baird and British Television]'', accessed online 6 January 2019</ref>

On 2 November 1936, from [[Alexandra Palace]] located on the high ground of the north London ridge, [[First day of BBC television|the BBC began]] alternating Baird 240-line transmissions with [[EMI]]'s electronic scanning system, which had recently been improved to [[405-line television system|405-lines]] after a merger with [[Marconi]]. The Baird system at the time involved an intermediate film process, where footage was shot on cinefilm, which was rapidly developed and scanned.{{citation needed|date=September 2022}} [[Image:Baird experimental broadcast.jpg|thumb|right|An early experimental television broadcast]]The trial was due to last for 6 months but the BBC ceased broadcasts with the Baird system in February 1937, due in part to a disastrous fire in the Baird facilities at Crystal Palace. It was becoming apparent to the BBC that the Baird system would ultimately fail due in large part to the lack of mobility of the Baird system's cameras, with their developer tanks, hoses, and cables.<ref>Kamm and Baird, ''John Logie Baird: A Life'', p. 286</ref> Commercially Baird's contemporaries, such as George William Walton and [[William Stephenson]], were ultimately more successful as their patents underpinned the early television system used by [[Scophony]] Limited who operated in Britain up to WWII and then in the US. "Of all the electro-mechanical television techniques invented and developed by the mid 1930s, the technology known as Scophony had no rival in terms of technical performance."<ref>Paul Marshall, ''Inventing Television: Transnational Networks of Co-operation and Rivalry, 1870-1936'', [https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/files/54509330/FULL_TEXT.PDF Link]{{page needed|date=September 2022}}</ref>{{page needed|date=September 2022}} In 1948 Scophony acquired John Logie Baird Ltd.

Baird's television systems were replaced by the first fully electronic television system developed by the newly formed company EMI-[[Marconi Company|Marconi]] under Sir [[Isaac Shoenberg]], who headed a research group that developed an advanced camera tube (the Emitron) and a relatively efficient hard-vacuum cathode-ray tube for the television receiver.<ref>{{cite news |title=Sir Isaac Shoenberg, British inventor|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Isaac-Shoenberg |access-date=22 July 2020 |work=Encyclopaedia Britannica|quote=principal inventor of the first high-definition television system}}</ref> [[Philo T. Farnsworth]]'s electronic "Image Dissector" camera was available to Baird's company via a patent-sharing agreement. However, the Image Dissector camera was found to be lacking in light sensitivity, requiring excessive levels of illumination. The Baird company used the Farnsworth tubes instead to scan cinefilm, in which capacity they proved serviceable though prone to drop-outs and other problems. Farnsworth himself came to London to the Baird [[Crystal Palace School|Crystal Palace]] laboratories in 1936 but was unable to fully solve the problem; the fire that burned Crystal Palace to the ground later that year further hampered the Baird company's ability to compete.<ref>Kamm and Baird, ''John Logie Baird: A Life'', pp. 286–289.</ref>

===Fully electronic===
[[File:Baird first color photo.jpg|thumb|right|This live image of [[Paddy Naismith]] was used to demonstrate Baird's first all-electronic [[colour television]] system, which used two projection CRTs. The two-colour image was similar to the later Telechrome system.]]
Baird made many contributions to the field of electronic television after mechanical systems became obsolete. In 1939, he showed a system known today as hybrid colour using a [[cathode-ray tube]] in front of which revolved a disc fitted with colour filters, a method taken up by [[CBS]] and RCA in the United States.<ref name="Colour television"/>

As early as 1940, Baird had started work on a fully electronic system he called the "[[Telechrome]]". Early Telechrome devices used two electron guns aimed at either side of a phosphor plate. The phosphor was patterned so the electrons from the guns only fell on one side of the patterning or the other. Using [[cyan]] and [[magenta]] phosphors, a reasonable limited-colour image could be obtained.
[[File:Thinktank Birmingham - Baird.jpg|thumb|upright|left|A Baird television advertisement c. 1949]] In 1941, he patented and demonstrated this system of three-dimensional television at a definition of 500 lines.  On 16 August 1944, he gave the world's first demonstration of a practical fully electronic [[colour television]] display.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Hempstead|first1=Colin|title=Encyclopedia of 20th-Century Technology|date=2005|publisher=Routledge|page=824}}</ref> His 600-line colour system used triple [[Interlaced video|interlacing]], using six scans to build each picture.<ref name="Abramson">Albert Abramson, ''The History of Television, 1942 to 2000'', McFarland & Company, 2003, pp. 13–14. {{ISBN|0-7864-1220-8}}</ref><ref name="Colour television">[https://www.bairdtelevision.com/high-definition-colour-television-19401944.html The World's First High Definition Colour Television System]</ref>

In 1943, the Hankey Committee was appointed to oversee the resumption of television broadcasts after the war. Baird persuaded them to make plans to adopt his proposed 1000-line Telechrome electronic colour system as the new post-war broadcast standard. The picture resolution on this system would have been comparable to today's HDTV ([[High-definition television|High Definition]] Television). The Hankey Committee's plan lost all momentum partly due to the challenges of postwar reconstruction. The monochrome 405-line standard remained in place until 1985 in some areas, and the 625-line system was introduced in 1964 and ([[PAL]]) colour in 1967. A demonstration of large screen three-dimensional television by the BBC was reported in March 2008, over 60 years after Baird's demonstration.<ref>{{cite news|title=The Challenges of Three-Dimensional Television|url=http://downloads.bbc.co.uk/rd/pubs/whp/whp-pdf-files/WHP173.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://downloads.bbc.co.uk/rd/pubs/whp/whp-pdf-files/WHP173.pdf|page=1|archive-date=9 October 2022|url-status=live|agency=BBC|date=7 June 2016}}</ref>