Editing John I of Castile (section)

===Crisis of 1383–1385===
King John of Castile invaded Portugal at the end of December 1383, to enforce his claim to be king [[Jure uxoris|by right of his wife]].<ref name="Diffie1960">{{cite book|author=Bailey Wallys Diffie|title=Prelude to Empire: Portugal Overseas Before Henry the Navigator|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IjBfEorbZWAC&pg=PA73|access-date=1 August 2013|date= 1960|publisher=U of Nebraska Press|isbn=978-0-8032-5049-9|page=73}}</ref> The consequent war was effectively ended in 1385, with the defeat of Castile in the [[Battle of Aljubarrota]]<ref name="Previté-Orton1975">{{cite book|author=Charles William Previté-Orton|title=The Shorter Cambridge Medieval History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=53I5AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA908|access-date=1 August 2013|year=1975|publisher=CUP Archive|isbn=978-0-521-09977-6|page=908}}</ref> on 14 August. In the aftermath of this battle, [[John I of Portugal|John of Aviz]] became the uncontested King of Portugal. John of Castile and Beatrice no longer had a tenable claim to the throne of Portugal, but during the lifetime of John I of Castile, they continued to call themselves king and queen of Portugal.
[[File:Batalha de Aljubarrota 02.jpg|thumb|250px|left|[[Battle of Aljubarrota]]: The victorious Portuguese are on the right]]

To secure the succession of the throne of Portugal, the [[Portuguese Cortes]] on 2 April 1383 in [[Salvaterra de Magos]] covenanted marriage between Beatrice and John I of Castile, with the stipulation that upon the death of Ferdinand I, with no issue of sons, the crown would pass to Beatrice, and her husband become titular king of Portugal.<ref name="Gebhardt1864">{{cite book|author=Víctor Gebhardt|title=Historia general de España y de sus Indias desde los tiempos más remotos hasta nuestros días, 4: tomada de las principales historias, crónicas y anales que acerca de los sucesos ocurridos en nuestra patria se han escrito|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HmzRl3lLjcAC&pg=PA140|access-date=1 August 2013|year=1864|publisher=Librería Española|page=140}}</ref> Although John I of Castile could call himself king of Portugal, the Spanish and Portuguese parties agreed not to unite the kingdoms of Castile and Portugal,<ref name="S.A.1981">{{cite book|author=Rialp, Ediciones, S.A.|title=Los Trastamara y la Unidad Española|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_vp1mwUwOmoC&pg=PA312|access-date=2 August 2013|date= 1981|publisher=Ediciones Rialp|isbn=978-84-321-2100-5|page=312}}</ref> and therefore, Leonor, widow of King Ferdinand, would remain regent of the government of Portugal until Beatrice had a son who upon reaching fourteen years of age<ref name="Bury1936">{{cite book|author=John Bagnell Bury|title=The Cambridge medieval history|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zWDsMrpIyawC|access-date=3 August 2013|year=1936|publisher=The Macmillan company|page=520}}</ref> would assume the title and office of King of Portugal, and his parents' claim cease. If Beatrice died childless, the crown would pass to other hypothetical younger sisters, and if not, the crown would pass to John I of Castile, and through him to his son Henry,<ref name="Serrano2005">{{cite book|author=César Olivera Serrano|title=Beatriz de Portugal: la pugna dinástica Avís-Trastámara|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HFO3uEVyLmkC&pg=PA70|access-date=1 August 2013|year=2005|publisher=Editorial CSIC Press|isbn=978-84-00-08343-4|page=70}}</ref> thus disinheriting the line of [[Inês de Castro]]. Pedro de Luna, a Papal legate to the realms of Castile, Aragon, Portugal and Navarre, pronounced the betrothal in Elvas on 14 May, and the wedding ceremony took place on 17 May at the Cathedral of Badajoz.<ref name="Sanz1798">{{cite book|author=José Ortiz y Sanz|title=Compendio cronológico de la historia de España desde los tiempos más remotos hasta nuestros días|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eW5iM7BoqaUC&pg=PA36|access-date=1 August 2013|year=1798|publisher=en la Imprenta Real|page=36}}</ref> To ensure compliance with the treaty, on 22 May a group of Castilian knights and prelates of the kingdom swore an oath to depose their king if the Castilian king dishonoured the commitments agreed in the treaty, and a corresponding group of Portuguese knights and prelates vowed to do the same if the king of Portugal broke the treaty with Castile, among them the [[John I of Portugal|Master of Aviz]].<ref>Serrano 2005, pp. 89–90</ref>

King Ferdinand I of Portugal died on 22 October 1383. His widow, [[Leonor Telles de Menezes]], under the Treaty of Salvaterra de Magos and by the previous testament of the deceased king, declared herself Regent in the name of her daughter and son-in-law. From then onwards, Leonor ruled with her lover, João Fernandes Andeiro, second Count of Ourém, also called "Conde Andeiro", a Galician who had been Fernando's chancellor, which angered the nobility and the lower classes. The news of the death of Ferdinand came to John I and Beatrice in Torrijos, with the closing of the court in Segovia.  The Master of Aviz wrote John, urging him to seize the Portuguese crown by right of his wife, and the Master himself would assume the regency.<ref name="Busk1833">{{cite book|author=M. M. Busk|title=The History of Spain and Portugal from B.C. 1000 to A.D. 1814|url=https://archive.org/details/historyspainand00britgoog|access-date=1 August 2013|year=1833|publisher=Baldwin and Cradock|page=[https://archive.org/details/historyspainand00britgoog/page/n79 59]}}</ref> To avoid problems with John the [[Infante John, Duke of Valencia de Campos|Infante of Portugal]], the dynastic eldest son of Inês de Castro, John I had him and his brother [[Infante Dinís, Lord of Cifuentes|Dinís]] imprisoned<ref name="Dunham1832">{{cite book|author=Samuel Astley Dunham|title=Spain and Portugal|url=https://archive.org/details/spainandportuga03dunhgoog|access-date=1 August 2013|year=1832|publisher=Longman, Rees, Orme, Brown, Green, & Longman|page=[https://archive.org/details/spainandportuga03dunhgoog/page/n247 228]}}</ref> in the [[Alcazar of Toledo]]. King John I then met the Council in Montalbán and sent Alfonso Lopez de Tejada with instructions for the regent, now Queen Mother, to proclaim Beatrice and himself the rulers of Portugal.<ref name="Fernández1977">{{cite book|author=Luis Suárez Fernández|title=Estudio|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bfMrAAAAMAAJ|access-date=1 August 2013|year=1977|publisher=Universidad Autónoma|isbn=978-84-7009-042-4|page=168}}</ref> The proclamation was announced, first in Lisbon, Santarém and other important places, and then, some days after the assassination of Count Andeiro, in all the country. Yet in Lisbon and elsewhere, as in Elvas and Santarém, popular sentiment favoured John the Infante.<ref name="McMurdo1889">{{cite book|author=Edward McMurdo|title=The History of Portugal: From the Commencement of the Monarchy to the Reign of Alfonso III.|url=https://archive.org/details/historyportugal04mcmugoog|access-date=2 August 2013|year=1889|publisher=S. Low, Marston, Searle, & Rivington|page=[https://archive.org/details/historyportugal04mcmugoog/page/n284 269]}}</ref>
John I of Castile assumed the title and coat of arms of King of Portugal, which investiture was recognized by the [[Avignon Papacy|Pope of Avignon]],<ref name="Aa.vv.1943">{{cite book|author=Aa.vv.|title=Xenia piana... Pio Papae XII dicata|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0Wvt9wqzjC4C&pg=PA121|access-date=1 August 2013|year=1943|publisher=Gregorian Biblical BookShop|isbn=978-88-7652-433-2|page=121}}</ref> and ordered the deployment of his troops when the [[Bishop of Guarda]] and chancellor to Beatrice, Afonso Correia, promised to deliver the support of the people.<ref name="Castro1902">{{cite book|author=José Osorio da Gama e Castro|title=Diocese e districto da Guarda|url=https://archive.org/details/dioceseedistrict00cast|access-date=1 August 2013|year=1902|publisher=Typ. Universal (a Vapor)|page=[https://archive.org/details/dioceseedistrict00cast/page/417 417]}}</ref> He then entered the country with his wife to ensure the obedience of the [[Portuguese people]] to him as [[Jure uxoris|King by the right of his wife]], although they considered him merely a pretender.<ref name="Commire2000">{{cite book|author=Anne Commire|title=Women in World History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hTwOAQAAMAAJ|access-date=2 August 2013|date= 2000|publisher=Gale|isbn=978-0-7876-4068-2|page=397}}</ref>

For John I of Castile, his marriage to Beatrice was supposed to maintain a protectorate over the Portuguese territory and prevent the English from invading the peninsula.<ref name="S.A.1981" /> However, the expectation of a Spanish commercial monopoly, fear of Castilian rule and the loss of Portuguese independence, reinforced by popular opposition to the regent and her allies, led to an uprising in Lisbon in late November and early December. The loss of independence was unthinkable for the majority of the people. The [[John I of Portugal|Master of Aviz]], future John I of Portugal, ignited the rebellion when he broke into the royal palace on 6 December 1383 and assassinated Leonor's lover, Conde Andeiro,<ref name="Sumption2011">{{cite book|author=Jonathan Sumption|title=Hundred Years War|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dZqapBJ4dFEC&pg=PA520|access-date=1 August 2013|date= 2011|publisher=Faber & Faber|isbn=978-0-571-26656-2|page=520}}</ref> after which the common people rose up against the government at the instigation of Alvaro Pais.<ref name="Laidlar1997">{{cite book|author=John Laidlar|title=Lisbon|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K80UAQAAIAAJ|access-date=2 August 2013|year=1997|publisher=Abc-Clio Incorporated|isbn=978-1-85109-268-0|page=xxvii}}</ref><ref name="Trend1958">{{cite book|author=John Brande Trend|title=Portugal|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JXMfAAAAMAAJ|access-date=2 August 2013|year=1958|publisher=Praeger|page=125}}</ref> The Bishop Martinho Anes, under suspicion of conspiring with the enemy, was thrown from the north tower of the [[Lisbon Cathedral]] when Lisbon was besieged by the Castilians in 1383.<ref name="Buck2002">{{cite book|author=Paul Buck|title=Lisbon: A Cultural and Literary Companion|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0-N4Qq39KkgC&pg=PA112|access-date=1 August 2013|year=2002|publisher=Interlink Books|isbn=978-1-56656-395-6|page=112}}</ref> The uprising spread to the provinces, taking the lives of the abbess of the Benedictine nuns in Évora, the Prior of the Collegiate Church of Guimarães,<ref name="Stephens1891">{{cite book|author=Henry Morse Stephens|title=Portugal|url=https://archive.org/details/portugal01stepgoog|access-date=1 August 2013|year=1891|publisher=Putnam|page=[https://archive.org/details/portugal01stepgoog/page/n140 109]}}</ref> and Lançarote Pessanha, Admiral of Portugal, who was murdered at the Castle of Beja.<ref name="Menezes1989">{{cite book|author=José de Vasconcellos e Menezes|title=Os marinheiros e o almirantado: elementos para a história da Marinha (século XII-século XVI)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H28sAAAAYAAJ|access-date=1 August 2013|year=1989|publisher=Academia de Marinha|page=289}}</ref> The rebellion was supported by the bourgeoisie but not by the aristocracy. Queen Leonor fled with the court of Lisbon and took refuge in [[Alenquer Municipality, Portugal|Alenquer]], the property of the queens of Portugal.<ref name="Livermore1969">{{cite book|author=H. V. Livermore|title=A New History of Portugal|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=voE6AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA100|access-date=2 August 2013|year=1969|publisher=CUP Archive|pages=100–101|id=GGKEY:RFTURZQG9XA}}</ref> She appealed to John I of Castile for help.
[[File:Anoniem - Koning Johan I van Portugal (1450-1500) - Lissabon Museu Nacional de Arte Antiga 19-10-2010 16-12-61.jpg|thumb|150px|left|João I (John I of Portugal)]]

In Lisbon, Alvaro Pais proposed that he and Leonor marry and hold the regency together, but Leonor declined; upon the news of the coming of the Castilian king, the Master of Aviz was elected Regent and Defender of the Realm<ref>{{cite book|title=Historia de España: desde los tiempos más remotos hasta el año 1840 inclusive|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cSjqGxUQGooC&pg=PA67|access-date=1 August 2013|year=1845|publisher=Impr. del Imparcial|pages=67–68}}</ref> on 16 December 1383, as an advocate for the rights of the queen's son, the Infante Juan. The distinguished jurist [[João das Regras]] was appointed as chancellor<ref>{{cite book|title=a history of portugal|year = 1662|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fHI3AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA175|access-date=2 August 2013|publisher=CUP Archive|page=175|id=GGKEY:XWSD821GE8S}}</ref> and the brilliant general [[Nuno Álvares Pereira]] as constable;<ref name="Sire1996">{{cite book|author=H. J. A. Sire|title=The Knights of Malta|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KhLJcYiV3YAC&pg=PA149|access-date=2 August 2013|year=1996|publisher=Yale University Press|isbn=978-0-300-06885-6|page=149}}</ref> immediately England was requested to intervene. The Master of Aviz tried to besiege Leonor at Alenquer but fled to Santarém to prepare the defence of Lisbon. In Santarém, Leonor proceeded to raise an army and sought help from John I of Castile, who decided to take command of the situation in Portugal, and left a Regency Council consisting of the Marquis of Villena, the Archbishop of Toledo and the Steward of the King to rule Castile in his absence. In January 1384 he began the journey to Santarém with Beatrice to answer the call of the Queen Regent to restore order in Portugal. On 13 January King John I and Queen Beatrice obtained the waiver of the rule and the government in their favour, which caused many knights and castle lords to submit and swear allegiance to the royal couple. Since Leonor had conspired against John the Infante, she was sent to the monastery of [[Tordesillas]].<ref name="Williams1907">{{cite book|author=Henry Smith Williams|title=Spain and Portugal|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4_MLAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA454|access-date=2 August 2013|year=1907|work=The Times|page=454}}</ref> This served the purposes of the Master of Aviz to justify his leading the revolt; he had violated the oath he swore at the Treaty of Salvaterra de Magos.

Although most of the Portuguese aristocracy was loyal to his cause, King John I of Castile did not repeat the Castilian successes of the earlier [[Fernandine Wars]] (''Guerras Fernandinas'') and failed to win [[Coimbra]] and Lisbon. On 3 September 1384, he left garrisons manned by his supporters among the people and returned to Castile and sought help from the King of France. Meanwhile, the Master of Aviz tried to seize those places loyal to his adversaries, and even took Almada and Alenquer, but failed to take Cintra, Torres-Velhas (Torres Vedras) and Torres Novas. In March 1385 he went to [[Coimbra]], to which he had summoned the [[Portuguese Cortes]];<ref name="Marques1972">{{cite book|author=A. H. de Oliveira Marques|title=History of Portugal: From Lusitania to Empire; vol. 2, From Empire to Corporate State|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OlKTVOp3VYwC&pg=PA127|access-date=1 August 2013|year=1972|publisher=Columbia University Press|isbn=978-0-231-03159-2|page=127}}</ref> they declared Beatrice illegitimate and proclaimed the Master of Aviz to be King of Portugal as John I on 11 April.<ref name="O'Callaghan1983">{{cite book|author=Joseph F. O'Callaghan|title=A History of Medieval Spain|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yA3p6v3UxyIC&pg=PA532|access-date=1 August 2013|year=1983|publisher=Cornell University Press|isbn=978-0-8014-9264-8|page=532}}</ref> This was in effect a declaration of war against Castile and its claims to the Portuguese throne. Recovering from his recent defeats, the new monarch began his campaign to regain the northern kingdom, and took Viana do Castelo, Braga and Guimarães.<ref>Bury 1936, p. 520–521</ref>

John I of Castile, accompanied by allied French cavalry, then entered Portugal again by way of Ciudad Rodrigo and Celorico in July 1385<ref name="Beretta1922">{{cite book|author=Antonio Ballesteros y Beretta|title=Historia de España y su influencia en la historia universal|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-KXrAAAAMAAJ|access-date=3 August 2013|year=1922|publisher=Salvat|page=82}}</ref> to conquer Lisbon<ref name="García">{{cite book|author=Luis Pericot García|title=Historia de España, gran historia general de los pueblos hispanos|year=1959|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zOTkAAAAMAAJ|access-date=3 August 2013|publisher=Instituto Gallach de Librería y Ediciones.|page=118}}</ref> and remove John I from the Portuguese throne, but the disastrous defeats suffered by his army in [[Trancoso Municipality, Portugal|Trancoso]] and at the [[Battle of Aljubarrota]] in May and August 1385 had ended any possibility of his reigning as king of Portugal. He fled to [[Santarém, Portugal|Santarém]] and from there down the [[Tagus]] to meet the fleet near Lisbon. In September the Spanish fleet returned to Castile, and John I of Portugal gained control of the places formerly occupied by his adversaries. Advancing from Santarém, he seized the region north of the Duero whose knights had remained faithful to Beatrice and John I of Castile: Villareal Pavões, Chaves and Bragança capitulated<ref name="López1893">{{cite book|author=Juan Catalina García López|title=Castilla y Leon durante los reinados de Pedro I, Enrique II, Juan I y Enrique III, por ...|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UP1WAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA318|access-date=3 August 2013|year=1893|publisher=El Progresso editorial|page=318}}</ref> at the end of March 1386, and Almeida in early June 1386.

Queen Beatrice had no children with her husband John I of Castile, although a son called Miguel is mentioned in several genealogies written much later and even in some modern history books.<ref>Serrano 2005, pp. 42, 354 (footnote 2), 397 (footnote 111)</ref> There is no contemporary document mentioning him, and his supposed mother was only 10 or 11 years old at his reputed birth. It is most probably a confusion with a grandchild of the [[Catholic Monarchs]] who was called [[Miguel da Paz]].<ref>Serrano 2005, p. 199</ref>