Editing John Hanson (section)

==Political career==
Hanson's career in public service began in 1750, when he was appointed sheriff of Charles County.{{sfn|Stiverson|2000}} In 1757, he was elected to represent Charles County in the lower house of the Maryland General Assembly, where he served for twelve years, sitting on many important committees.{{sfn|Stiverson|2000}} Maryland was a [[proprietary colony]], and Hanson aligned himself with the "popular" or "country" party, which opposed any expansion of the power of the proprietary governors at the expense of the popularly elected lower house. He was a leading opponent of the [[Stamp Act 1765|1765 Stamp Act]], chairing the committee that drafted the instructions for Maryland's delegates to the [[Stamp Act Congress]]. In protest of the [[Townshend Acts]], in 1769 Hanson was one of the signers of a non-importation resolution that boycotted British imports until the acts were repealed.{{sfn|Stiverson|2000}}

[[File:Hanson, John (bust), 1871 - NARA - 518070.jpg|left|thumb|Etching of Hanson based on a portrait by [[Charles Willson Peale]] that was painted from life in 1781–1782{{sfn|Fanelli|Diethorn |2001|p=158}}]]

Hanson changed course in 1769, apparently to better pursue his business interests. He resigned from the General Assembly, sold his land in Charles County, and moved to [[Frederick County, Maryland|Frederick County]] in [[western Maryland]]. There he held a variety of offices, including deputy surveyor, sheriff, and county treasurer.{{sfn|Stiverson|2000}}{{sfn|Papenfuse|1979}} When relations between [[Great Britain]] and the colonies became a crisis in 1774, Hanson became one of Frederick County's leading [[Patriot (American Revolution)|Patriots]]. He chaired a town meeting that passed a resolution opposing the [[Boston Port Act]].{{sfn|Stiverson|2000}} In 1775, he was a delegate to the [[Annapolis Convention (1774–1776)|Maryland Convention]], an extralegal body convened after the colonial assembly had been [[legislative session#Procedure in Commonwealth realms|prorogued]]. With the other delegates, he signed the Association of Freemen on July 26, 1775, which expressed hope for reconciliation with Great Britain but also called for military resistance to the enforcement of the [[Intolerable Acts|Coercive Acts]].{{sfn|Mereness|1932}}

With hostilities underway, Hanson chaired the Frederick County [[Committee of safety (American Revolution)|Committee of Observation]], part of the Patriot organization that assumed control of local governance. Responsible for recruiting and arming soldiers, Hanson proved to be an excellent organizer, and Frederick County sent the first southern troops to join [[George Washington]]'s army.{{sfn|Stiverson|2000}}{{sfn|Levering|1976|p=121}} Because funds were scarce, Hanson frequently paid soldiers and others with his own money.{{sfn|Levering|1976|p=122}} In June 1776, Hanson chaired the Frederick County meeting that urged provincial leaders in Annapolis to instruct Maryland's delegates in the [[Continental Congress]] to declare independence from Great Britain.{{sfn|Levering|1976|p=124}} While Congress worked on the [[United States Declaration of Independence|Declaration of Independence]], Hanson was in Frederick County "making gunlocks, storing powder, guarding prisoners, raising money and troops, dealing with Tories, and doing the myriad other tasks which went with being chairman of the committee of observation".{{sfn|Levering|1976|p=124}}

Hanson was elected to the newly reformed [[Maryland House of Delegates]] in 1777, the first of five annual terms.{{sfn|Stiverson|2000}} In December 1779, the House of Delegates named Hanson as a delegate to the [[Second Continental Congress]]; he began serving in Congress in [[Philadelphia]] in June 1780.{{sfn|Levering|1976|p=127}}{{sfn|Papenfuse|1979}} "Hanson came to Philadelphia with the reputation of having been the leading financier of the revolution in western Maryland, and soon he was a member of several committees dealing with finance."{{sfn|Levering|1976|p=127}}

When Hanson was elected to Congress, Maryland was holding up the ratification of the Articles of Confederation. The state, which did not have any claims on western land, refused to ratify the Articles until the other states had ceded their western land claims.{{sfn|Levering|1976|pp=126–27}} When the other states finally did so, the Maryland legislature decided in January 1781 to ratify the Articles.{{sfn|Levering|1976|p=127}} When Congress received notice of this, Hanson joined [[Daniel Carroll]] in signing the Articles of Confederation on behalf of Maryland on March 1, 1781. With Maryland's endorsement, the Articles officially went into effect.{{sfn|Levering|1976|p=127}} Many years later, some Hanson biographers claimed that Hanson had been instrumental in arranging the compromise and thus securing ratification of the Articles, but according to historian Ralph Levering, there is no documentary evidence of Hanson's opinions or actions in resolving the controversy.{{sfn|Levering|1976|p=127}}

In 1782, Hanson proclaimed on behalf of the Continental Congress for a [[Thanksgiving (United States)#Thanksgiving proclamations in the early Republic|day of "Solemn Thanksgiving"]].

===President of Congress===
[[File:John Hanson by Charles Willson Peale, circa 1781.jpg|left|thumb|John Hanson, portrait from life painted by [[Charles Wilson Peale]] in 1781–1782]]
On November 5, 1781, Congress elected Hanson as its president. Under the Articles of Confederation, both legislative and executive government were vested in the Congress (as it was and still is in Britain); the presidency of Congress was a mostly ceremonial position, but the office did require Hanson to serve as neutral [[discussion moderator]], handle official correspondence, and sign documents.{{sfn|Wilson|1994|pp=76–80}} Hanson found the work tedious and considered resigning after just one week, citing his poor health and family responsibilities.{{sfn|Papenfuse|1979}} Colleagues urged him to remain because Congress at that moment lacked a [[quorum]] to choose a successor.{{sfn|Papenfuse|1979}} Out of a sense of duty, Hanson remained in office,{{sfn|Stiverson|2000}}{{sfn|Levering|1976|p=130}} although his term as a delegate to Congress was nearly expired. The Maryland Assembly re-elected him as a delegate on November 28, 1781, and so Hanson continued to serve as president until November 4, 1782.{{sfn|Papenfuse|1979}}

The Articles of Confederation stipulated that presidents of Congress serve one-year terms, and Hanson became the first to do so.{{sfn|Stiverson|2000}}{{sfn|Burnett|1941|p=524}}{{sfn|Sanders|1930|p=24}} Contrary to the claims of some of his later advocates, however, he was not the first president to serve under the Articles nor the first to be elected under the Articles.{{sfn|Morris|1987|p=677}} When the Articles went into effect in March 1781, Congress did not bother to elect a new president; instead, [[Samuel Huntington (Connecticut politician)|Samuel Huntington]] continued serving a term that had already exceeded a year.{{sfn|Burnett|1941|p=503}} On July 9, 1781, [[Samuel Johnston]] became the first man to be elected as president of Congress after the ratification of the Articles.{{sfn|Sanders|1930|p=21 n73}} He declined the office, however, perhaps to make himself available for North Carolina's gubernatorial election.{{sfn|Sanders|1930|p=21}} After Johnston turned down the office, [[Thomas McKean]] was elected.{{sfn|Sanders|1930|p=20}}{{sfn|Burnett|1941|p=503}} McKean served just a few months, resigning in October 1781 after hearing news of the British [[Siege of Yorktown (1781)|surrender at Yorktown]]. Congress asked him to remain in office until November, when a new session of Congress was scheduled to begin.{{sfn|Burnett|1941|p=524}} It was in that session that Hanson began to serve his one-year term. A highlight of Hanson's term was when [[George Washington]] presented [[Charles Cornwallis, 1st Marquess Cornwallis|Cornwallis's]] sword to Congress.{{sfn|Levering|1976|pp=128–29}}