Editing John Dryden (section)

==Later life and career==
After the Restoration, as Dryden quickly established himself as the leading poet and literary critic of his day, he transferred his allegiances to the new government. Along with ''Astraea Redux'', Dryden welcomed the new regime with two more panegyrics: ''To His Sacred Majesty: A Panegyric on his Coronation'' (1662) and ''To My Lord Chancellor'' (1662). These poems suggest that Dryden was looking to court a possible patron, but he was to instead make a living in writing for publishers, not for the aristocracy, and thus ultimately for the reading public. These, and his other nondramatic poems, are occasional—that is, they celebrate public events. Thus they are written for the nation rather than the self, and the [[Poet Laureate]] (as he would later become) is obliged to write a certain number of these per annum.<ref>Abrams, M.H., and Stephen Greenblatt eds. 'John Dryden' in ''[[The Norton Anthology of English Literature]]'', 7th ed., (New York: Norton & Co, 2000), 2071</ref> In November 1662, Dryden was proposed for membership in the [[Royal Society]], and he was elected an early fellow. However, Dryden was inactive in Society affairs and in 1666 was expelled for non-payment of his dues.
[[File:John Dryden by John Michael Wright, 1668 (detail), National Portrait Gallery, London.JPG|thumb|upright|150px|Dryden, by [[John Michael Wright]], 1668]]
[[File:John Dryden, Poet and Playwright (3959224502).jpg|thumb|upright|150px|Dryden, by James Maubert, c. 1695]]
On 1 December 1663, Dryden married the royalist sister of Sir [[Robert Howard (playwright)|Robert Howard]]—Lady Elizabeth. Dryden's works occasionally contain outbursts against the married state but also celebrations of the same. Thus, little is known of the intimate side of his marriage. Lady Elizabeth bore three sons, one of whom (Erasmus Henry) became a Roman Catholic priest.{{cn|date=January 2023}}

With the reopening of the theatres in 1660 after the [[London theatre closure 1642|Puritan ban]], Dryden began writing plays. His first play ''[[The Wild Gallant]]'' appeared in 1663, and was not successful, but was still promising, and from 1668 on he was contracted to produce three plays a year for the [[King's Company]] in which he became a shareholder. During the 1660s and 1670s, theatrical writing was his main source of income. He led the way in [[Restoration comedy]], his best-known work being ''[[Marriage à la mode (play)|Marriage à la Mode]]'' (1673), as well as heroic tragedy and regular tragedy, in which his greatest success was ''[[All for Love (play)|All for Love]]'' (1678). 

Dryden was never satisfied with his theatrical writings and frequently suggested that his talents were wasted on unworthy audiences. He thus was making a bid for poetic fame off-stage. In 1667, around the same time his dramatic career began, he published ''[[Annus Mirabilis (poem)|Annus Mirabilis]]'', a lengthy historical poem which described the English defeat of the Dutch naval fleet and the [[Great Fire of London]] in 1666. It was a modern epic in pentameter quatrains that established him as the preeminent poet of his generation, and was crucial in his attaining the posts of Poet Laureate (1668) and historiographer royal (1670).

When the [[Great Plague of London]] closed the theatres in 1665, Dryden retreated to Wiltshire where he wrote ''Of Dramatick Poesie'' (1668), arguably the best of his unsystematic prefaces and essays. Dryden constantly defended his own literary practice, and ''Of Dramatick Poesie'', the longest of his critical works, takes the form of a dialogue in which four characters—each based on a prominent contemporary, with Dryden himself as 'Neander'—debate the merits of classical, French and English drama. The greater part of his critical works introduce problems which he is eager to discuss, and show the work of a writer of independent mind who feels strongly about his own ideas, ideas which demonstrate the breadth of his reading. He felt strongly about the relation of the poet to tradition and the creative process, and his best heroic play ''[[Aureng-zebe]]'' (1675) has a prologue which denounces the use of rhyme in serious drama. His play ''[[All for Love (play)|All for Love]]'' (1678) was written in blank verse, and was to immediately follow ''Aureng-Zebe''.{{cn|date=January 2023}}

Dryden's poem "An Essay upon Satire" contained a number of attacks on [[Charles II of England|King Charles II]], his mistresses and courtiers, but most pointedly on the [[John Wilmot, 2nd Earl of Rochester|Earl of Rochester]], a notorious womaniser.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://planetpeschel.com/2008/12/john-dryden-suffers-for-his-art-1679/|title=John Dryden Suffers For His Art (1679)|last=Peschel|first=Bill|date=18 December 2008|website=Bill Peschel|language=en-US|access-date=5 February 2019|archive-date=13 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220213023722/https://planetpeschel.com/2008/12/john-dryden-suffers-for-his-art-1679/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Rochester responded by hiring thugs who attacked Dryden whilst walking back from [[Will's Coffee House]] (a popular London coffee house where the Wits gathered to gossip, drink and conduct their business) to his house on Gerrard Street. 
At around 8 pm on 18 December 1679, Dryden was attacked in Rose Alley behind the [[Lamb and Flag, Covent Garden|Lamb & Flag pub]], near his home in [[Covent Garden]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.londonremembers.com/memorials/dryden|title=Dryden|website=London Remembers|language=en|access-date=5 February 2019|archive-date=7 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190207072502/https://www.londonremembers.com/memorials/dryden|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>John Richardson, {{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0wUCjfE6Lk4C&pg=PA156 |title=The Annals of London |page=156 |publisher=University of California Press|year= 2000|isbn=978-0520227958 |access-date=30 July 2010}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Wilson|first=Harold J|date=1939|title=Rochester, Dryden, and the Rose-Street Affair|journal=The Review of English Studies|volume=15|issue=59|pages=294–301|doi=10.1093/res/os-XV.59.294|jstor=509792}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.luminarium.org/eightlit/rochester/wilmotbio.htm |title=John Wilmot, 2nd Earl of Rochester |publisher=luminarium.org |access-date=2 August 2010 }}</ref> Dryden survived the attack, offering £50 for the identity of the thugs placed in the [[The London Gazette|London Gazette]], and a Royal Pardon if one of them would confess. No one claimed the reward.<ref name=":0" />

Dryden's greatest achievements were in satiric verse: the mock-heroic ''[[Mac Flecknoe]]'', a more personal product of his laureate years, was a lampoon circulated in manuscript and an attack on the playwright [[Thomas Shadwell]]. Dryden's main goal in the work is to "satirize Shadwell, ostensibly for his offenses against literature but more immediately we may suppose for his habitual badgering of him on the stage and in print."<ref>Oden, Richard, L. Dryden and Shadwell, The Literary Controversy and 'Mac Flecknoe' (1668–1679); {{ISBN|0820112895}}</ref> It is not a belittling form of satire, but rather one which makes his object great in ways which are unexpected, transferring the ridiculous into poetry.<ref>Eliot, T. S., 'John Dryden', in ''Selected Essays'', (London: Faber and Faber, 1932), p. 308</ref> This line of satire continued with ''[[Absalom and Achitophel]]'' (1681) and ''The Medal'' (1682). His other major works from this period are the religious poems ''[[Religio Laici]]'' (1682), written from the position of a member of the Church of England; his 1683 edition of ''[[Parallel Lives|Plutarch's Lives Translated From the Greek by Several Hands
]]'' in which he introduced the word 'biography' to English readers; and ''[[The Hind and the Panther]],'' (1687) which celebrates his conversion to [[Roman Catholicism]].{{cn|date=July 2022}}
[[File:VirgilDryden1716Vol2.jpg|thumb|upright|left|200px|Frontispiece and title page, vol. II, 1716 edition, ''Works of Virgil'' translated by Dryden]]
He wrote ''Britannia Rediviva'' celebrating the birth of a son and heir to the Catholic [[James II of England|King]] and [[Mary of Modena|Queen]] on 10 June 1688.<ref>[http://www.bartleby.com/204/16.html Britannia Rediviva: a Poem on the Birth of the Prince. John Dryden. 1913. The Poems of John Dryden]. Bartleby.com. Retrieved 12 May 2014.</ref> 

When, later in the same year, James II was deposed in the [[Glorious Revolution]], Dryden's refusal to take the oaths of allegiance to the new monarchs, [[William III of England|William]] and [[Mary II of England|Mary]], left him out of favour at court. [[Thomas Shadwell]] succeeded him as Poet Laureate, and he was forced to give up his public offices and live by the proceeds of his pen. Dryden translated works by [[Horace]], [[Satires of Juvenal|Juvenal]], [[Ovid]], [[Lucretius]], and [[Theocritus]], a task which he found far more satisfying than writing for the stage. In 1694 he began work on what would be his most ambitious and defining work as translator, ''The Works of Virgil'' (1697), which was [[Publication by subscription|published by subscription]]. The publication of the translation of [[Virgil]] was a national event and brought Dryden the sum of £1,400.<ref>''John Dryden The Major Works'', ed. by Keith Walker, p. xiv</ref> Dryden translated the ''[[Aeneid]]'' into [[couplet]]s, turning Virgil's almost 10,000 lines into 13,700 lines; [[Joseph Addison]] wrote the (prose) prefaces for each book, and [[William Congreve]] checked the translation against the Latin original.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Dryden's ''Aeneid'' |first=Robert |last=Fitzgerald |authorlink=Robert Fitzgerald |journal=Arion: A Journal of Humanities and the Classics |year=1963 |volume=2 |issue=3 |pages=17–31 |jstor=20162849 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/20162849}}</ref> His final translations appeared in the volume ''[[Fables, Ancient and Modern|Fables Ancient and Modern]]'' (1700), a series of episodes from [[Homer]], [[Ovid]], and [[Giovanni Boccaccio|Boccaccio]], as well as modernised adaptations from [[Geoffrey Chaucer]] interspersed with Dryden's own poems. As a translator, he made great literary works in the older languages available to readers of English.{{cn|date=January 2023}}