Editing Jim Jarmusch (section)

==Career==
=== 1980s ===
Jarmusch's final year university project was completed in 1980 as ''[[Permanent Vacation (1980 film)|Permanent Vacation]]'', his first feature film. It had its premiere at the International Filmfestival Mannheim-Heidelberg (formerly known as Filmweek Mannheim) and won the Josef von Sternberg Award.<ref name=allmovie/> It was made on a shoestring budget of around $12,000 in misdirected scholarship funds and shot by cinematographer Tom DiCillo on [[16 mm film]].<ref name=first/> The quasi-autobiographical feature follows an adolescent drifter (Chris Parker) as he wanders around downtown Manhattan.<ref name=postcards/><ref name=vacation/>

The film was not released theatrically and did not attract the sort of adulation from critics that greeted his later work. ''The Washington Post'' staff writer Hal Hinson would disparagingly comment in an aside during a review of Jarmusch's ''Mystery Train'' (1989) that in the director's debut, "the only talent he demonstrated was for collecting egregiously untalented actors".<ref name=hinson/> The bleak and unrefined ''Permanent Vacation'' is nevertheless one of the director's most personal films, and established many of the hallmarks he would exhibit in his later work, including derelict urban settings, chance encounters, and a wry sensibility.<ref name=vacation/><ref name=rediscovering/>

Jarmusch's first major film, ''[[Stranger Than Paradise]]'', was produced on a budget of approximately $125,000 and released in 1984 to much critical acclaim.<ref name=burr/><ref name=sterritt/> A deadpan comedy recounting a strange journey of three disillusioned youths from New York through Cleveland to Florida, the film broke many conventions of traditional Hollywood filmmaking.<ref name=avclub/> It was awarded the [[Camera d'Or]] at the [[1984 Cannes Film Festival]] as well as the 1985 [[National Society of Film Critics Award for Best Film]],<ref name=tasker/><ref name=hartl/> and became a landmark work in modern [[independent film]].<ref name=criterionstranger/>

In 1986, Jarmusch wrote and directed ''[[Down by Law (film)|Down by Law]]'', starring musicians [[John Lurie]] and [[Tom Waits]], and Italian comic actor [[Roberto Benigni]] (his introduction to American audiences) as three convicts who escape from a New Orleans jailhouse.<ref name=morned/> Shot like the director's previous efforts in black and white, this [[Constructivism (art)|constructivist]] [[neo-noir]] was Jarmusch's first collaboration with Dutch cinematographer [[Robby Müller]], who had been known for his work with Wenders.<ref name=law/>

His next two films each experimented with parallel narratives: ''[[Mystery Train (film)|Mystery Train]]'' (1989) told three successive stories set on the same night in and around a small [[Memphis, Tennessee|Memphis]] hotel, and ''[[Night on Earth]]'' (1991)<ref>See [[Gabri Ródenas]] (2009), Guía para ver y analizar Noche en la Tierra de Jim Jarmusch, Barcelona/Valencia: Octaedro/Nau Llibres, ISBNs: 978-84-8063-931-6 /978-84-7642-776-7. Spanish only.</ref> involved five cab drivers and their passengers on rides in five different world cities, beginning at sundown in Los Angeles and ending at sunrise in Helsinki.<ref name=starwars/> Less bleak and somber than Jarmusch's earlier work, ''Mystery Train'' nevertheless retained the director's askance conception of America.<ref name=canby/> He wrote ''Night on Earth'' in about a week, out of frustration at the collapse of the production of another film he had written and the desire to visit and collaborate with friends such as Benigni, [[Gena Rowlands]], [[Winona Ryder]], and [[Isaach de Bankolé]].<ref name=second/>

As a result of his early work, Jarmusch became an influential representative of the trend of the American [[road movie]].<ref name=rascaroli/> Not intended to appeal to mainstream filmgoers, these early Jarmusch films were embraced by art house audiences,<ref name=rosen/> gaining a small but dedicated American following and cult status in Europe and Japan.<ref name=katzman/> Each of the four films had its premiere at the [[New York Film Festival]], while ''Mystery Train'' was in competition at the [[1989 Cannes Film Festival]].<ref name=tasker/> Jarmusch's distinctive aesthetic and ''auteur'' status fomented a critical backlash at the close of this early period, however; though reviewers praised the charm and adroitness of ''Mystery Train'' and ''Night On Earth'', the director was increasingly charged with repetitiveness and risk-aversion.<ref name=allmovie/><ref name=tasker/>

A film appearance in 1989 as a used car dealer in the cult comedy ''[[Leningrad Cowboys Go America]]'' further solidified his interest and participation in the road movie genre. In 1991 Jarmusch appeared as himself in Episode One of John Lurie's cult television series ''[[Fishing With John]]''.

=== 1990s ===
[[File:Johnny Depp Jim Jarmusch Cannes 1995.jpg|thumb|right|[[Johnny Depp]] (left) with Jarmusch at the [[Cannes Film Festival]] in 1995]]
In 1995, Jarmusch released ''[[Dead Man]]'', a period film set in the 19th century American West starring [[Johnny Depp]] and [[Gary Farmer]]. Produced at a cost of almost $9&nbsp;million with a high-profile cast including [[John Hurt]], [[Gabriel Byrne]] and, in his final role, [[Robert Mitchum]],<ref name=susman/> the film marked a significant departure for the director from his previous features.<ref name=yabroff/> Earnest in tone in comparison to its self-consciously hip and ironic predecessors, ''Dead Man'' was thematically expansive and of an often violent and progressively more surreal character.<ref name=allmovie/><ref name=yabroff/> The film was shot in black and white by Robby Müller, and features a score composed and performed by [[Neil Young]], for whom Jarmusch subsequently filmed the tour documentary ''[[Year of the Horse]]'', released to tepid reviews in 1997.
Though ill-received by mainstream American reviewers, ''Dead Man'' found much favor internationally and among critics, many of whom lauded it as a visionary masterpiece.<ref name=allmovie/> It has been hailed as one of the few films made by a Caucasian that presents an authentic Native American culture and character, and Jarmusch stands by it as such, though it has attracted both praise and castigation for its portrayal of the American West, violence, and especially Native Americans.<ref name=revisionism/>

Following artistic success and critical acclaim in the American independent film community, he achieved mainstream recognition with his far-East philosophical crime film ''[[Ghost Dog: The Way of the Samurai]]'' (1999), shot in Jersey City and starring [[Forest Whitaker]] as a young inner-city man who has found purpose for his life by unyieldingly conforming it to the ''[[Hagakure]]'', an 18th-century philosophy text and training manual for samurai, becoming, as directed, a terrifyingly deadly hit-man for a local mob boss to whom he may owe a debt, and who then betrays him. The soundtrack was supplied by [[RZA]] of the Wu-Tang Clan, which blends into the director's "aesthetics of sampling".<ref>Gonzalez, "[http://volume.revues.org/1973 Jim Jarmusch's Aesthetics of Sampling in Ghost Dog–The Way of the Samurai]", 2004.</ref> The film was unique among other things for the number of books important to and discussed by its characters, most of them listed bibliographically as part of the end credits. The film is also considered to be a homage to ''[[Le Samourai]]'', a 1967 French New Wave film by auteur [[Jean-Pierre Melville]], which starred renowned French actor [[Alain Delon]] in a strikingly similar role and narrative.{{citation needed|date=October 2017}}

=== 2000s ===
A five-year gap followed the release of ''Ghost Dog'', which the director has attributed to a creative crisis he experienced in the aftermath of the [[September 11 attacks]] in New York City.<ref name=hattenstone/> 2004 saw the eventual release of ''[[Coffee and Cigarettes]]'', a collection of eleven short films of characters sitting around drinking coffee and smoking cigarettes that had been filmed by Jarmusch over the course of the previous two decades. The first vignette, "Strange to Meet You", had been shot for and aired on ''[[Saturday Night Live]]'' in 1986, and paired Roberto Benigni with comedian [[Steven Wright]]. This had been followed three years later by "Twins", a segment featuring actors [[Steve Buscemi]] and [[Joie Lee|Joie]] and [[Cinqué Lee]], and then in 1993 with the [[Short Film Palme d'Or]]-winning "Somewhere in California", starring musicians Tom Waits and [[Iggy Pop]].<ref name=rush/>

He followed ''Coffee and Cigarettes'' in 2005 with ''[[Broken Flowers]]'', which starred [[Bill Murray]] as an early retiree who goes in search of the mother of his unknown son in attempt to overcome a midlife crisis. Following the release of ''Broken Flowers'', Jarmusch signed a deal with [[Fortissimo Films]], whereby the distributor would fund and have "first-look" rights to the director's future films,<ref>{{Cite web|last=Dawtrey|first=Adam|date=2005-05-17|title=Jarmusch in bloom|url=https://variety.com/2005/film/news/jarmusch-in-bloom-1117922936/|access-date=2021-06-21|website=Variety|language=en-US}}</ref> and cover some of the overhead costs of his production company, Exoskeleton.<ref name=dawtrey/> The film premiered at the [[2005 Cannes Film Festival|58th Cannes Film Festival]] where it competed for the [[Palme d'Or]] and received the [[Grand Prix (Cannes Film Festival)|Grand Prix]]. Film critic [[Peter Bradshaw]] for ''[[The Guardian]]'' described the film as "Jarmusch's most enjoyable, accessible work for some time, perhaps his most emotionally generous film...a very attractive piece of film-making, bolstered by terrific performances from an all-star cast, spearheaded by endlessly droll, seductively sensitive Bill Murray."<ref>{{cite web| url= https://nymag.com/nymetro/movies/reviews/12373/ | title= Ex Marks the Spot|first=Peter |last=Bradshaw | author-link= Peter Bradshaw | date= 15 August 2005 | work= [[New York (magazine)|New York]]|access-date=2020-12-30}}</ref>

In 2009, Jarmusch released ''[[The Limits of Control]]'', a sparse, meditative crime film set in Spain, it starred [[Isaach de Bankolé]] as a lone assassin with a secretive mission.<ref name=tobias/> A behind-the-scenes documentary, ''Behind Jim Jarmusch'', was filmed over three days on the set of the film in [[Seville]] by director Léa Rinaldi.<ref name=rinaldi/> Also in 2009, Jarmusch appeared as himself in an episode of the HBO series ''[[Bored to Death]]'', and the following year, Jarmusch helped to curate the [[All Tomorrow's Parties (music festival)|All Tomorrow's Parties]] music festival in Monticello, New York.

=== 2010s ===
In an August 2010 interview, Jarmusch revealed his forthcoming work schedule at that time:

<blockquote>I'm working on a documentary about the Stooges [Iggy Pop-fronted band]. It's going to take a few years. There's no rush on it, but it's something that Iggy asked me to do. I'm co-writing an "opera". It won't be a traditional opera, but it'll be about the inventor [[Nikola Tesla]], with the composer Phil Klein. I have a new film project that's really foremost for me that I hope to shoot early next year with Tilda Swinton and Michael Fassbender and Mia Wasikowska, who was Alice in Wonderland in Tim Burton's film. I don't have that quite financed yet, so I'm working on that. I'm also making music and hoping to maybe score some silent films to put out. Our band will have an EP that we'll give out at ATP. We have enough music for three EPs or an album.<ref name=pitchforkinterview/></blockquote>

Jarmusch eventually attained funding for the aforementioned film project after a protracted period and, in July 2012, Jarmusch began shooting ''[[Only Lovers Left Alive]]'' with [[Tilda Swinton]], [[Tom Hiddleston]], [[Mia Wasikowska]], [[Anton Yelchin]], and Hurt,<ref name=thr120130/> while Jarmusch's musical project [[Sqürl]] were the main contributors to the film's soundtrack.<ref name="Tilda">{{cite news|title=Jim Jarmusch: 'Women are my leaders'|url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2014/feb/20/jim-jarmusch-women-leaders-only-lovers-left-alive?CMP=EMCNEWEML6619I2|access-date=February 21, 2014|newspaper=The Guardian|date=February 20, 2014|author=David Ehrlich}}</ref> The film screened at the [[2013 Cannes Film Festival]] and the 2013 [[Toronto International Film Festival]] (TIFF),<ref name="CannesInComp">{{cite news|url=http://www.festival-cannes.fr/en/article/59652.html|title=2013 Official Selection|date=April 18, 2013|access-date=February 8, 2018|work=Cannes}}</ref> with Jarmusch explaining the seven-year completion time frame at the former: "The reason it took so long is that no one wanted to give us the money. It took years to put it together. Its (sic) getting more and more difficult for films that are a little unusual, or not predictable, or don't satisfy people's expectations of something."<ref>{{cite news|title=Cannes 2013: Only Lovers Left Alive a seven year trek says Jim Jarmusch|url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2013/may/25/jim-jarmusch-vampires-only-lovers-left-alive-cannes|access-date=February 21, 2014|newspaper=The Guardian|date=May 25, 2013|author=Andrew Pulver}}</ref> The film's budget was [[United States dollar|US$]]7 million and its UK release date was February 21, 2014.<ref>{{cite web|title=Hiddleston! Swinton! Hurt! Watch the new trailer for Only Lovers Left Alive|url=http://www.gq-magazine.co.uk/entertainment/articles/2014-01/23/only-lovers-left-alive-film-trailer|work=GQ British |access-date=February 21, 2014|author=Oliver Franklin|date=January 23, 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140223181726/http://www.gq-magazine.co.uk/entertainment/articles/2014-01/23/only-lovers-left-alive-film-trailer|archive-date=February 23, 2014}}</ref>
[[File:Cannes 2016 25.jpg|thumb|right|[[Adam Driver]], [[Golshifteh Farahani]], and Jarmusch at the premiere of ''[[Paterson (film)|Paterson]]'' (2016) at the [[Cannes Film Festival]]]]

Jarmusch wrote and directed [[Paterson (film)|''Paterson'']] in 2016. The film follows the daily experiences of an inner-city bus driver and poet ([[Adam Driver]]) in [[Paterson, New Jersey]], who shares the same name as the city. Paterson was inspired by objectivist American poet William Carlos Williams and his epic poem "Paterson<ref>{{Cite magazine|last=Brody|first=Richard|title=Jim Jarmusch's "Paterson" and the Myth of the Solitary Artist|url=https://www.newyorker.com/culture/richard-brody/jim-jarmuschs-paterson-and-the-myth-of-the-solitary-artist|access-date=2020-06-20|magazine=The New Yorker|language=en-us}}</ref>".<ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-01-18|title=Jim Jarmusch, Ron Padgett and the sublime poetry of 'Paterson'|url=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment/movies/la-et-mn-paterson-poetry-20170102-story.html|access-date=2020-06-21|website=Los Angeles Times|language=en-US}}</ref> The film features the wry, minimalist style<ref>{{Cite book|last=Suarez|first=Juan A.|url=https://www.press.uillinois.edu/books/catalog/44pzk8zs9780252032011.html|title=Jim Jarmusch|date=2007|publisher=University of Illinois Press|isbn=978-0-252-07443-1|language=en}}</ref> found in Jarmusch's other works<ref>{{cite web|url= https://bleeckerstreetmedia.com/editorial/filmmakers-we-love-jim-jarmusch|title= Filmmakers We Love: Jim Jarmusch|website= Bleecker Street|access-date= December 30, 2020}}</ref> and earned 22 award nominations for Jarmusch, Driver and Nellie, the dog featured in the film. The story focuses on Paterson's poetry writing efforts, interspersed with his observations and experiences of the residents he encounters on his bus route and in his daily life. Todd McCarthy of ''[[The Hollywood Reporter]]'' gave the film a positive review, writing: "A mild-mannered, almost startlingly undramatic work that offers discreet pleasures to longtime fans of the New York indie-scene veteran, who can always be counted on to go his own way."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/review/paterson-cannes-review-894268|title='Paterson': Cannes Review|website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]|first=Todd|last=McCarthy|date=May 15, 2016|access-date=December 30, 2020}}</ref> Eric Kohn, film critic of ''[[IndieWire]]'' wrote that the film was "an apt statement from Jarmusch, a filmmaker who continues to surprise and innovate while remaining true to his singular voice, and who here seems to have delivered its purest manifestation."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiewire.com/2016/05/cannes-review-adam-driver-stars-in-jim-jarmuschs-paterson-his-most-intimate-film-290526/|title= Cannes Review: Adam Driver Stars in Jim Jarmusch's 'Paterson,' His Most Intimate Film|website= IndieWire|date= May 15, 2016|access-date= December 30, 2020}}</ref>

Jarmusch wrote and directed his first horror film, the zombie comedy ''[[The Dead Don't Die (2019 film)|The Dead Don't Die]]'' featuring an ensemble cast which included performances from [[Bill Murray]], [[Adam Driver]], [[Chloë Sevigny]], [[Steve Buscemi]], [[Tilda Swinton]], [[Carol Kane]], and [[Selena Gomez]]. The film premiered at the [[2019 Cannes Film Festival|72nd Cannes Film Festival]] and received mixed reviews. The film was distributed by [[Focus Features]]. Todd McCarthy of ''[[The Hollywood Reporter]]'' wrote of the film, "At times, the [[deadpan]] of Murray and Driver becomes, well, a bit deadening, and true wit is in short supply, even though the film remains amusing most of the way."<ref name=THR>{{cite web|work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/review/dead-dont-die-review-1210459|title='The Dead Don't Die': Film Review|date=May 14, 2019|author=McCarthy, Todd}}</ref>

=== 2020s ===
Jarmusch directed and wrote a short film titled ''French Water'' for the [[Yves Saint Laurent (fashion house)|Yves Saint Laurent]] House of Fashion to celebrate their spring/summer 2021 collection. It starred [[Charlotte Gainsbourg]] and [[Julianne Moore]], among others.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.vogue.fr/fashion/article/french-water-saint-laurent-short-film-jim-jarmusch | title=French Water: Why the Saint Laurent short film directed by Jim Jarmusch is a must-watch | date=April 14, 2021 }}</ref><ref>hollywoodreporter.com/lifestyle/style/saint-laurent-debuts-star-studded-jim-jarmusch-short-film-french-water-4166590/</ref><ref>news.artnet.com/art-world/saint-laurent-jim-jarmusch-shot-1961289</ref>

In September 2021, Jarmusch published with [[Anthology Editions]] a hardcover book of his small-scale [[collage]] art called ''Some Collages'' with texts by [[Lucy Sante]] and Randy Kennedy.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sante |first=Luc |date=2021-09-07 |title=Jim Jarmusch's Collages |url=https://www.theparisreview.org/blog/2021/09/07/jim-jarmuschs-collages/ |access-date=2022-07-21 |website=The Paris Review |language=en}}</ref>