Editing Jim Clark (section)

==Clark and Lotus==
[[File:ClarkJim-Lotus19620805.jpg|thumb|left|Clark at the [[1962 German Grand Prix]]]]
Clark made his [[Formula One]] (F1) Grand Prix debut, part-way through the {{F1|1960}} season, during the [[1960 Dutch Grand Prix]] at Zandvoort on 6 June. Lotus had lost Surtees, who took part to the [[Isle of Man TT]] series; alongside [[Innes Ireland]] and [[Alan Stacey]], Clark was one of the acceptable substitute.<ref>[[Denis Jenkinson|D.S.J.]], ''Motor Sport'', July 1960, Page 568.</ref> He retired on lap 49 with final drive failure. His second Formula One race was the [[1960 Belgian Grand Prix]], held at the extremely fast and dangerous [[Spa-Francorchamps]] circuit; there, he got a taste of reality when two fatal accidents occurred ([[Chris Bristow]] and [[Alan Stacey]]). Clark, who finished fifth and scored his first [[List of Formula One World Championship points scoring systems|points]] finish, was later quoted as saying in a 1964 interview: "I was driving scared stiff pretty much all through the race."<ref name="Cooper 2021">{{Cite web |last=Cooper |first=Jamie |date=2021-04-07 |title=Jim Clark |url=https://www.everythingf1.com/jim-clark/ |access-date=2024-02-16 |website=EverythingF1<!-- - Formula 1 News and Updates-->}}</ref>

In {{F1|1961}}, Clark was involved in one of the worst accidents in the history of [[F1 racing]]. In the [[1961 Italian Grand Prix]] on 10 September at [[Monza Circuit|Monza]], [[Wolfgang von Trips]] in his [[Scuderia Ferrari|Ferrari]] collided with Clark's Lotus.<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=October 1961<!--2014-07-07--> |title=1961 Italian Grand Prix race report: von Trips suffers fatal accident whilst Hill wins title |url=https://www.motorsportmagazine.com/archive/article/october-1961/44/xxxii-italian-grand-prix/ |access-date=2024-02-14 |magazine=Motor Sport |issue=44 |archive-date=14 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240214144802/https://www.motorsportmagazine.com/archive/article/october-1961/44/xxxii-italian-grand-prix/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Collantine |first=Keith |date=2011-09-09 |title=50 years ago today: F1's worst tragedy at Monza |url=https://www.racefans.net/2011/09/10/1961-italian-grand-prix/ |access-date=2024-02-14 |website=RaceFans |archive-date=3 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170703113217/http://www.f1fanatic.co.uk/2011/09/10/1961-italian-grand-prix/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Von Trips's car became airborne and crashed into a side barrier, fatally throwing von Trips out of the car and killing fifteen spectators.<ref>{{Cite news |date=1961-09-11 |title=Von Trips, 11 Monza Fans Killed; Hill Wins |work=Los Angeles Times |pages=C1 |issn=0458-3035}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=2005 |title=Albino Albertini |url=http://www.motorsportmemorial.org/focus.php?db=ct&n=612 |access-date=2024-02-14 |website=Motorsport Memorial |archive-date=17 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151017021234/http://www.motorsportmemorial.org/focus.php?db=ct&n=612 |url-status=live }}</ref> Clark and his car were subjected to an investigation;<ref>{{Cite web |last=Schneider |first=Jürgen |date=2021-09-10 |title=On the death of Count Trips: Clark mechanic recounts<!--Zum Tod von Graf Trips: Clark-Mechaniker erzählt / Formel 1 - SPEEDWEEK.COM--> |url=https://www.speedweek.com/formel1/news/181330/Zum-Tod-von-Graf-Trips-Clark-Mechaniker-erzaehlt.html?lang=en |access-date=2024-02-16 |website=Speedweek.com |archive-date=16 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240216181416/https://www.speedweek.com/amp/formel1/news/181330/Zum-Tod-von-Graf-Trips-Clark-Mechaniker-erzaehlt.html?lang=en |url-status=live }}</ref> he was initially accused of manslaughter, before the charges were dropped.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-09-10 |title=L'ultima corsa di Wolfgang von Trips |url=https://www.ilpost.it/2011/09/10/incidente-von-trips-monza-1961/ |access-date=2024-02-16 |website=Il Post |language=it}}</ref> At the time, Clark described the accident by saying: "Von Trips and I were racing along the straightaway and were nearing one of the banked curves, the one on the southern end. We were about 100 metres from the beginning of the curve. Von Trips was running close to the inside of the track. I was closely following him, keeping near the outside. At one point von Trips shifted sideways so that my front wheels collided with his back wheels. It was the fatal moment. Von Trips's car spun twice and went into the guardrail along the inside of the track. Then it bounced back, struck my own car and bounced down into the crowd."<ref>{{Cite news |date=1961-09-11 |title=Von Trips, 11 Monza Fans Killed; Hill Wins |work=Los Angeles Times |pages=C1 |issn=0458-3035}}</ref> In his later testimony, he recalled the collision had become unavoidable, saying: "Trips was head of me, driving on the center of the track. Suddenly he slowed down. Since my Lotus was faster than the Ferrari, I tried to overtake him. In the same instant the Ferrari surprisingly pulled to the left, and a collision became unavoidable..."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022 |title=<!--CPdB, View record [ID:216]-->1961 Italian Grand Prix – The Crash Photos Database |url=https://www.the-fastlane.co.uk/cpdb/crashphotos_view.php?page=view&editid1=216 |access-date=2024-02-16 |website=The Fastlane |archive-date=16 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240216181414/https://www.the-fastlane.co.uk/cpdb/crashphotos_view.php?page=view&editid1=216 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Clark's first Drivers' World Championship came driving the [[Lotus 25]] in {{F1|1963}},<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-05-14 |title=Jim Clark Honored at 2013 Goodwood Revival |url=https://sportscardigest.com/jim-clark-honored-at-2013-goodwood-revival/ |access-date=2021-12-05 |website=Sports Car Digest<!-- - The Sports, Racing and Vintage Car Journal--> |archive-date=6 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211206070839/https://sportscardigest.com/jim-clark-honored-at-2013-goodwood-revival/ |url-status=live }}</ref> winning seven out of the ten races and Lotus its first Constructors' World Championship.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-12-22 |title=Champion Clark sets new wins record |url=http://en.espnf1.com/onthisday/motorsport/story/2592.html |access-date=2024-02-16 |website=ESPN UK}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-11-07 |title=The 71-year-old record Verstappen broke in the Sao Paulo GP |url=https://www.formula1.com/en/latest/article.explained-the-71-year-old-record-verstappen-broke-in-the-sao-paulo-grand.3LMx4WXMjAiWzIuhnN97Pd.html |access-date=2024-02-16 |website=Formula 1}}</ref> The [[1963 Indianapolis 500]] saw Clark's debut in the series; he finished in second position behind Parnelli Jones and won [[Indianapolis 500 Rookie of the Year]] honours.<ref>{{cite news |date=2 June 1963 |title=Free meat for Clark |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/114085924/1963-indy-500-roty-the-observer-2/ |access-date=4 December 2022 |work=[[The Observer]] |page=15 |via=[[Newspapers.com]] {{open access}} |archive-date=4 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221204144710/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/114085924/1963-indy-500-roty-the-observer-2/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The 1963 Indy 500 result remains controversial. Before the race, [[United States Auto Club]] (USAC) officials had told the drivers that they would [[Black flag (motorsport)|black flag]] any car that was seen to be leaking oil onto the track. Late in the race, Jones' front-engined roadster developed a crack in the oil tank and began to leak oil. With the track surface already being slippery this resulted in a number of cars spinning and led to popular driver [[Eddie Sachs]] crashing into the outside wall. USAC officials were set to black flag Jones after the Sachs crash until his car owner [[J. C. Agajanian]] ran down pit lane and somehow convinced them that the oil leak was below the level of a known crack and would not leak any further. Colin Chapman later accused USAC officials of being biased because Clark and Lotus were a British team with a rear-engine car. Many, including journalist and author [[Brock Yates]], believed that had it been an American driver and car in second place instead of Clark in the British built Lotus, officials would have black flagged Jones. Despite this, neither Lotus nor their engine supplier [[Ford Motor Company|Ford]] protested the result, reasoning that winning as a result of a disqualification when Jones had led for 167 of the races 200 laps (Clark led for 28 laps) and had set the lap record speed of {{convert|151.541|mph|1|abbr=on}} on lap 114, would not be well received by the public.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kurt |first=Kurt |date=2015-05-18 |title=What really happened in the closing laps of the 1963 Indianapolis 500? |url=https://www.hemmings.com/stories/2015/05/18/what-really-happened-in-the-closing-laps-of-the-1963-indianapolis-500 |access-date=2024-02-16 |website=Hemmings |archive-date=16 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240216190047/https://www.hemmings.com/stories/2015/05/18/what-really-happened-in-the-closing-laps-of-the-1963-indianapolis-500 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=O'Hare |first=Mick |date=2020-03-14 |title=F1: The race that sent motorsport back to the future |url=https://www.theneweuropean.co.uk/brexit-news-f1-indianapolis-500-colin-chapman-jim-clark-73338/ |access-date=2024-02-16 |website=The New European |archive-date=16 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240216190047/https://www.theneweuropean.co.uk/brexit-news-f1-indianapolis-500-colin-chapman-jim-clark-73338/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Malsher-Lopez |first=David |date=2023-04-27 |title=1963 Indy 500: When Jones beat Clark and paused a revolution |url=https://www.motorsport.com/indycar/news/1963-indy-500-when-jones-beat-clark-and-paused-a-revolution/10460958/ |access-date=2024-02-16 |website=Motorsport.com}}</ref>

[[File:Jim Clark004.jpg|thumb|upright|Clark in the Lotus pit at the [[1964 German Grand Prix]]]]
In {{F1|1964}}, Clark came within just a few laps of retaining his World Championship crown. Just as in 1962, an oil leak from the engine robbed him of the title, this time conceding to [[John Surtees]]. Tyre failure damaging the Lotus's suspension put paid to that year's attempt at the [[1964 Indianapolis 500]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://eis.net.au/~bramwell/indy.htm |title=The Scotsman at the Brickyard |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061020015913/http://eis.net.au/~bramwell/indy.htm |archive-date=20 October 2006 |website=Eis.net.au|date=1997|access-date=28 May 2016}}</ref> He made amends and won the Championship again in {{F1|1965}}, and also won the [[1965 Indianapolis 500]] in the [[Lotus 38]]. He had to miss the prestigious [[1965 Monaco Grand Prix]] to compete at Indianapolis but made history by driving the first [[mid-engined]] car to win at the fabled Brickyard, as well as becoming the only driver to date to win both the Indy 500 and the F1 title in the same year. Other drivers, including [[Graham Hill]], [[Mario Andretti]], [[Emerson Fittipaldi]], and [[Jacques Villeneuve]], also won both crowns but not in the same year.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jeffries |first=Tom |date=2023-05-14 |title=How many F1 drivers have won the Indy 500? Winners, drivers & more |url=https://www.autosport.com/indycar/news/f1-drivers-who-won-the-indy-500/6515972/ |access-date=2024-02-16 |website=Autosport |archive-date=16 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240216190046/https://www.autosport.com/indycar/news/f1-drivers-who-won-the-indy-500/6515972/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last1=Jeffries |first1=Tom |last2=Malsher |first2=David |date=2022-05-25 |title=F1 drivers who won the Indy 500 |url=https://us.motorsport.com/indycar/news/f1-drivers-who-have-won-the-indy-500/6516017/ |access-date=2024-02-16 |website=Motorsport.com |archive-date=16 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240216190047/https://us.motorsport.com/indycar/news/f1-drivers-who-have-won-the-indy-500/6516017/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[File:ClarkJim(blauesHemd)1966Aug.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Clark outside the Lotus garage at the [[Nürburgring]] in 1966]]
The FIA decreed that from {{F1|1966}} new 3-litre engine regulations would come into force, and Lotus were less competitive. Starting with a 2-litre [[Coventry-Climax]] engine in the [[Lotus 33]], Clark did not score points until the [[1966 British Grand Prix]] and a third place at the [[1966 Dutch Grand Prix]]. From the [[1966 Italian Grand Prix]] onwards, Lotus used the highly complex [[BRM H16]] engine in the [[Lotus 43]] car, with which Clark won the [[1966 United States Grand Prix]]. He also picked up another second place at the [[1966 Indianapolis 500]], this time behind Hill.

During {{F1|1967}}, Lotus and Clark used three completely different cars and engines. The Lotus 43 performed poorly at the opening [[1967 South African Grand Prix]], so Clark used an old Lotus 33 at the [[1967 Monaco Grand Prix]], retiring with [[Car suspension|suspension]] failure. Lotus then began its fruitful association with [[Ford-Cosworth]]. Their first car, the [[Lotus 49]] featuring the most successful [[Formula One engines|F1 engine]] in history, the [[Ford-Cosworth DFV]], won its first race at the [[1967 Dutch Grand Prix]], driven by Clark. He won with it again at the 1967 [[1967 British Grand Prix|British]], [[1967 United States Grand Prix|United States]], and [[1967 Mexican Grand Prix|Mexican]] Grands Prix, and at the [[1968 South African Grand Prix]].

Concurrent with competing in the F1 World Drivers' Championship, Clark competed with Lotus in the [[Australasia]]-based [[Tasman Series]], run for older F1 cars. He was series champion in [[1965 Tasman Series|1965]], [[1967 Tasman Series|1967]], and [[1968 Tasman Series|1968]]. He won fourteen races in all, a record for the series. This included winning the [[1968 Australian Grand Prix]] at the [[Sandown International Raceway]] in [[Melbourne]], where he defeated the [[Ferrari 246T]] of [[Chris Amon]] by just 0.1 seconds after 55 laps of the 3.1 km (1.92 mi) circuit, the closest finish in the history of the [[Australian Grand Prix]]. The 1968 Tasman Series and Australian Grand Prix would prove to be his last major wins before his untimely death, which occurred on 7 April 1968.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=B2RAAAAAIBAJ&pg=5018%2C1371218 |work=The Herald |location=Glasgow |title=Jim Clark killed in race in Germany |date=8 April 1968 |page=1 |archive-date=28 December 2022 |access-date=1 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221228195923/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=B2RAAAAAIBAJ&pg=5018,1371218 |url-status=live }}</ref>