Editing Jersey City, New Jersey (section)

===Lenape and New Netherland===
{{Main|Bergen, New Netherland}}

The land that is now Jersey City was inhabited by the [[Lenape]], a collection of [[Native Americans in the United States|Native American]] tribes (later called Delaware Indian). In 1609, [[Henry Hudson]], seeking an alternate route to [[East Asia]] on behalf of the [[Dutch East India Company]], anchored his small vessel [[Halve Maen]] (English: Half Moon) at [[Sandy Hook (New Jersey)|Sandy Hook]], [[Harsimus Cove]] and [[Weehawken Cove]], and elsewhere along what was later named the [[North River (Hudson River)|North River]]. After spending nine days surveying the area and meeting its inhabitants, he sailed as far north as [[Albany, New York|Albany]] and later claimed the region for the [[Netherlands]]. The contemporary flag of the city is a variation on the [[Prince's Flag]] from the Netherlands. The stripes are blue, white and yellow, with the center of the flag showing the city seal, depicting Hudson's ship, the [[Halve Maen|Half Moon]], and other modern vessels.<ref>[https://www.crwflags.com/fotw/flags/us-njjec.html Jersey City, New Jersey (U.S.)], CRW Flags. Accessed November 13, 2019. "The three stripes of blue, white, and yellow are supposed to commemorate the colors of the Dutch, as Jersey City was located in the province of New Netherlands. However, the color yellow would more appropriately be orange, as blue, white, and orange were the colors in the Dutch national flag and its trading companies in the early 1600s. The sailing ship is the Half Moon, in which the explorer Henry Hudson sailed up the Hudson River in 1609."</ref>

By 1621, the [[Dutch West India Company]] was organized to manage this new territory and in June 1623, [[New Netherland]] became a Dutch province, with headquarters in [[New Amsterdam]]. [[Michael Reyniersz Pauw]] received a land grant as [[patroon]] on the condition that he would establish a settlement of not fewer than fifty persons within four years. He chose the west bank of the [[North River (Hudson River)|Hudson River]] and purchased the land from the Lenape for 80 [[fathoms]] (146 m) of [[wampum]], 20 fathoms (37 m) of cloth, 12 kettles, six guns, two blankets, one double kettle, and half a barrel of beer. This grant is dated November 22, 1630, and is the earliest known conveyance for what are now [[Hoboken, New Jersey|Hoboken]] and Jersey City. Pauw, however, was an [[absentee landlord]] who neglected to populate the area and was obliged to sell his holdings back to the Company in 1633.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://njcu.libguides.com/pavonia|title=Pavonia|website=njcu.libguides.com|access-date=February 9, 2025}}</ref> That year, a house was built at [[Communipaw]] for [[Jan Evertsen Bout]], superintendent of the colony, which had been named ''[[Pavonia, New Netherland|Pavonia]]'' (the [[Latin]]ized form of Pauw's name, which means "peacock" or "land of the peacock").<ref>{{cite web|url=https://njcu.libguides.com/stpetersuniversity|title=Saint Peter's University|website=njcu.libguides.com|access-date=February 17, 2025}}</ref><ref>{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20060618023232/http://www.nnp.org/newvtour/regions/Hudson/pavonia.html A Virtual Tour of New Netherland]}}, New Netherland Institute. Accessed May 10, 2006.</ref> Shortly after, another house was built at [[Harsimus Cove]] in 1634 and became the home of Cornelius Henrick Van Vorst, who had succeeded Bout as superintendent, and whose family would become influential in the development of the city.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://njcu.libguides.com/vanvorst1|title=Van Vorst Homestead Site|website=njcu.libguides.com|access-date=February 5, 2025}}</ref> Relations with the Lenape deteriorated, in part because Director-General [[Willem Kieft]] attempted to tax and drive out the Lenapes, which led to a series of raids and reprisals and the virtual destruction of the settlement on the west bank. During [[Kieft's War]], approximately 120 [[Lenape]]s were killed by the Dutch in a massacre ordered by Kieft at [[Pavonia, New Netherland|Pavonia]] on the night of February 25, 1643.<ref>Ellis, Edward Robb. [https://books.google.com/books/about/The_Epic_of_New_York_City.html?id=ODnnmcciMLgC ''The Epic of New York City''], p. 38. Old Town Books, 1966. {{ISBN|9780786714360}}.</ref> On May 11, 1647, [[Peter Stuyvesant]] arrived in New Amsterdam to replace Kieft as Director-General of New Netherland. On September 15, 1655, Pavonia was attacked as part of a [[Munsee]] occupation of New Amsterdam called the [[Peach War]] that saw 40 colonists killed and over 100, mostly women and children, taken captive and held at Paulus Hook. They were later ransomed to New Amsterdam.

On January 10, 1658, Stuyvesant "re-purchased" the scattered communities of farmsteads that characterized the Dutch settlements of Pavonia: Communipaw, Harsimus, [[Paulus Hook]], Hoebuck, [[Weehawken, New Jersey|Awiehaken]], [[Pamrapo]], and other lands "behind [[Kill van Kull]]". The village of [[Bergen, New Netherland|Bergen]] (located inside a palisaded garrison) was established by the settlers who wished to return to the west bank of the Hudson on what is now [[Bergen Square]] in 1660, the first [[town square]] in North America, and officially chartered by Stuyvesant on September 5, 1661, as the state's first local civil government. The village was designed by [[Jacques Cortelyou]], the first [[Surveying|surveyor]] of New Amsterdam.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://jerseydigs.com/bergen-square-rich-history-journal-square-jsq/|title=Bergen Square: A Rich History in the Shadow of Journal Square
|website=jerseydigs.com|date=November 29, 2017|access-date=February 18, 2025}}</ref> The word ''berg'' taken from the Dutch means "hill", while ''bergen'' means "place of safety".<ref>{{cite book |last=Grundy |first=J. Owen |title=The History of Jersey City (1609–1976) |year=1975 |publisher=Walter E. Knight; Progress Printing Company |location=Jersey City |chapter=A Dutch Legacy |page=5}}</ref> The charter partially removed Bergen from the jurisdiction of New Amsterdam and put the surrounding settlements under its [[Bergen Township, New Jersey (1661–1862)|authority]]. As a result, it is regarded as the first permanent settlement and oldest municipality in what would become the state of New Jersey.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://njcu.libguides.com/bergen|title=Bergen Square|website=njcu.libguides.com|access-date=February 5, 2025}}</ref><ref>[http://www.cityofjerseycity.org/vanvorstfarmhouse.shtml Jersey City's Oldest House], Jersey City History. Accessed September 11, 2007.</ref> It is also the home of Public School No. 11, the nation's longest-continuous school site and the site of the first free and public school building in New Jersey,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://njcu.libguides.com/MLKPS11|title=Martin Luther King Jr., PS #11|website=njcu.libguides.com|access-date=February 5, 2025}}</ref> and [[Old Bergen Church]], the oldest continuous congregation in New Jersey. In addition, the oldest surviving houses in Jersey City are of Dutch origin including the [[Newkirk House]] (1690),<ref name=NJCU>Karnoutsos, Carmela. [https://njcu.libguides.com/jerseycitypastandpresent/summithouse Summit House / Newkirk House] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190602035913/https://njcu.libguides.com/jerseycitypastandpresent/summithouse |date=June 2, 2019 }}, Jersey City Past and Present, [[New Jersey City University]]. Accessed November 13, 2019. "At a high point with a view of the Hudson and Hackensack Rivers, the Summit House, previously owned by the Newkirk family, is considered one of Jersey City's oldest buildings. It stands on the east side of Summit Avenue north of Sip Avenue outside of the original boundaries of the historic village of Bergen which was once populated by Dutch settlers.... The date of purchase is not known, but the date for construction of the building is about 1690, and it is known that Newkirk died in 1705."</ref> the [[Van Vorst House|Van Vorst Farmhouse]] (1740),<ref>Karnoutsos, Carmela. [https://www.njcu.edu/programs/jchistory/Pages/V_Pages/Van_Vorst_John.htm Van Vorst House 531 Palisade Avenue] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923182911/https://www.njcu.edu/programs/jchistory/Pages/V_Pages/Van_Vorst_John.htm |date=September 23, 2015 }}, Jersey City Past and Present, [[New Jersey City University]]. Accessed June 1, 2015.</ref><ref>[http://forgotten-ny.com/2008/02/the-heights-van-vorst-house/ Jersey City Heights/Van Vorst House], Forgotten New York, February 28, 2008. Accessed August 30, 2015.</ref><ref>Olszewski, Anthony. [http://www.cityofjerseycity.org/vanvorstfarmhouse.shtml From Before the Revolutionary War! Jersey City's Oldest House], Jersey City History, 2002. Accessed August 30, 2015.</ref> and the [[Van Wagenen House]] (1740).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nj.gov/dca/njht/funded/sitedetails/apple_tree_van_wagenen_house.html|title=Apple Tree/Van Wagenen House|publisher=New Jersey Historic Trust|access-date=October 27, 2017|archive-date=June 16, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110616034152/http://www.nj.gov/dca/njht/funded/sitedetails/apple_tree_van_wagenen_house.html}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nj.com/hudson/index.ssf/2017/02/end_in_sight_for_decade-long_renovation_of_histori.html|author=McDonald, Terrence T.|title=11-year restoration of historic Jersey City building may end soon|website=[[NJ.com]]|date=February 21, 2017|access-date=November 12, 2021|archive-date=March 10, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170310014111/http://www.nj.com/hudson/index.ssf/2017/02/end_in_sight_for_decade-long_renovation_of_histori.html}}</ref>

In 1661, [[Communipaw Ferry]] began operation as the first ferry service between the village of Communipaw (Jersey City) and [[New Amsterdam]] (Manhattan) shortly after the village of Bergen was established.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://njcu.libguides.com/communipaw|title=Communipaw|website=njcu.libguides.com|access-date=February 3, 2025}}</ref>

====Province of New Jersey====
On August 27, 1664, four English frigates sailed into [[New York Harbor]] and captured [[Fort Amsterdam]], and by extension, all of New Netherland, a prelude to the [[Second Anglo-Dutch War]]. Under the [[Articles of Surrender of New Netherland|Articles of Capitulation]], the Dutch residents of Bergen were allowed to continue their way of life and worship. Later in 1664, [[James II of England|James]], the [[Duke of York]], granted the land between the Hudson and [[Delaware River]] to Sir [[George Carteret]] as a debt settlement. Carteret named the land ''[[Province of New Jersey|New Jersey]]'' after his homeland the [[Jersey|island of Jersey]]. The [[Concession and Agreement]] was issued soon after providing [[religious freedom]] and recognition of private property in the colony.<ref name=autogenerated7>{{cite web |url=http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/states/nj02.htm |title=The Avalon Project : The Concession and Agreement of the Lords Proprietors of the Province of New Caesarea, or New Jersey |publisher=Yale.edu |access-date=February 6, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080518195544/http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/states/nj02.htm |archive-date=2008-05-18 |url-status=dead }}</ref> In exchange, residents were required to pledge loyalty to their new government.<ref>''[[The New York Times]]''; October 7, 1910. The history of Bergen Village</ref>

Following the [[Treaty of Westminster (1674)|Treaty of Westminster]], New Jersey split into [[East Jersey]] and [[West Jersey]]. From 1674 to 1702, [[Bergen Township, New Jersey (1661–1862)|Bergen]] was part of East Jersey and became a town in [[Bergen County, New Jersey|Bergen County]] on March 7, 1683, one of the four newly independent counties in East Jersey. In 1702, New Jersey was reunified and became a [[royal colony]]. Bergen was chosen as the [[county seat]] in 1710 and was re-established by [[royal charter]] on January 4, 1714.<ref name="Story"/>