Editing Jersey (section)

== History ==
{{main|History of Jersey}}
{{see also|Archaeology of the Channel Islands|Maritime history of the Channel Islands|German occupation of the Channel Islands}}<!-- This history is a summary of Jersey history. Please make sure to only add relevant information. All information should also be added to [[History of Jersey]] (and if relevant to the other relevant History articles). -->

[[File:Assize d'Heritage.jpg|thumb|An 1893 painting of the ''Assize d'Heritage'' by [[John St Helier Lander]].]]

=== Prehistoric and ancient Jersey ===
Humans have lived on the island since at latest [[Timeline of prehistory#Holocene|12,000 BCE]], with evidence of habitation in the [[Paleolithic|Palaeolithic]] period ([[La Cotte de St Brelade]]) and [[Neolithic]] dolmens, such as [[La Hougue Bie]]. Evidence of [[Bronze Age]] and early [[Iron Age]] settlements can be found in many locations around the island.<ref>{{cite book |last=Cunliffe |first=Barry |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780198143857 |title=The Oxford Illustrated Prehistory of Europe |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=1994 |isbn=0198143850 |location=Oxford |url-access=registration}}</ref>

[[Archaeological]] evidence of [[Ancient Rome|Roman]] influence has been found, in particular at [[Les Landes]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Countryside Character Appraisal – Character Area A1: North Coast Heathland |url=https://www.gov.je/PlanningEnvironment/Planning/Island+Plan+and+Other+Policy+Guidance/Countryside+Character+Appraisal/Character+Area+A1+North+Coast+Heathland.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160319015642/http://www.gov.je/PlanningEnvironment/Planning/Island%2BPlan%2Band%2BOther%2BPolicy%2BGuidance/Countryside%2BCharacter%2BAppraisal/Character%2BArea%2BA1%2BNorth%2BCoast%2BHeathland.htm |archive-date=19 March 2016 |access-date=6 October 2006 |publisher=[[States of Jersey]]}}</ref> Christianity was brought to the island by migrants from Brittany in c. fifth – sixth century CE.{{sfn|Syvret|Stevens|Balleine|2011|p=}} In the sixth century, the island's patron saint [[Helier]] lived at the Hermitage on L'Islet (now [[Elizabeth Castle]]). Legend states that Helier was beheaded by raiders and subsequently lifted his head and walked to shore.<ref>{{Cite web |first=A. M. |last=Bellows |title=St Helier: The Man and the Myth |url=https://members.societe-jersiaise.org/whitsco/sthelier4.htm |access-date=17 March 2022 |website=[[Société Jersiaise]] |archive-date=18 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220818165438/https://members.societe-jersiaise.org/whitsco/sthelier4.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Christianization and early Medieval period ===
In the ninth century the island was raided by [[Vikings]] and in 933 it was annexed to [[Duchy of Normandy|Normandy]] by [[William Longsword]].<ref name="Lempiere-1976">{{Cite book |last=Lempière |first=Raoul |title=Customs, Ceremonies and Traditions of the Channel Islands |publisher=Robert Hale |year=1976 |isbn=0-7091-5731-2 |location=Great Britain}}</ref>{{Rp|22}} When Duke [[William the Conqueror]] became King of England in 1066, the island remained part of the Norman possessions. However, in 1204, when Normandy was returned to the French king, the island remained a possession of the English crown, though never incorporated into England.{{sfn|Syvret|Stevens|Balleine|2011|p=25}} Traditionally it is said that Jersey's self-governance originates from the ''Constitutions of King John'', however this is disputed.<ref name="Lempiere-1976"/>{{Rp|25}} Nevertheless, the island continued to follow Norman customs and laws. The [[Charles III|King]] also appointed a [[Bailiff of Jersey|Bailiff]] and a Warden (now [[Lieutenant Governor of Jersey|Lieutenant-Governor]]). The period of English rule was marked by wars between England and France, as such a military fortress was built at [[Mont Orgueil]].{{sfn|Syvret|Stevens|Balleine|2011|pp=25–28}}

During the [[Tudor period]], the split between the [[Church of England]] and the Vatican led to islanders adopting the Protestant religion. During the reign of [[Elizabeth I|Elizabeth]], French refugees brought strict [[Calvinism]] to the island, which remained the common religion until 1617.{{sfn|Syvret|Stevens|Balleine|2011|p=}} In the late 16th century, islanders travelled across the North Atlantic to participate in the [[Newfoundland (island)|Newfoundland]] [[fisheries]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ommer |first=Rosemary E. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nrdYUXv817sC&pg=PA13 |title=From Outpost to Outport |publisher=[[McGill-Queen's University Press]] |year=1991 |isbn=0-7735-0730-2 |pages=13–14 |access-date=14 November 2020 |archive-date=30 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230630073101/https://books.google.com/books?id=nrdYUXv817sC&pg=PA13 |url-status=live }}</ref> In recognition for help given to him during his exile in Jersey in the 1640s, King [[Charles II of England]] gave Vice Admiral Sir [[George Carteret]], bailiff and governor, a large grant of land in the [[Thirteen Colonies|American colonies]] in between the [[Hudson River|Hudson]] and [[Delaware River|Delaware]] rivers, which he promptly named [[New Jersey]]. It is now a state in the United States.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Weeks |first=Daniel J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FM_BrMaXR2kC&pg=PA45 |title=Not for Filthy Lucre's Sake |date=1 May 2001 |publisher=[[Lehigh University Press]] |isbn=0-934223-66-1 |page=45 |access-date=14 November 2020 |archive-date=30 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230630073101/https://books.google.com/books?id=FM_BrMaXR2kC&pg=PA45 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Cochrane |first=Willard W. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gnqxb5vuTEMC&pg=PA18 |title=The Development of American Agriculture |date=30 September 1993 |publisher=[[University of Minnesota Press]] |isbn=0-8166-2283-3 |page=18 |access-date=14 November 2020 |archive-date=30 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230630073102/https://books.google.com/books?id=gnqxb5vuTEMC&pg=PA18 |url-status=live }}</ref>
[[File:Jour d'la Libéthâtion Jèrri 9 d'Mai 2012 81.jpg|thumb|Liberation Day celebrations in Jersey, 9 May 2012.]]

=== Early modern period ===
In 1769, the island suffered food supply shortages, leading to an insurrection on 28 September known as the [[Corn Riots]]. The States met at Elizabeth Castle and decided to request help from the King. However, in 1771 the Crown demanded reforms to the island's governance, leading to the Code of 1771 and removed the powers of the Royal Court to make laws without the [[States Assembly|States]].{{sfn|Syvret|Stevens|Balleine|2011|p=}} In 1781, during the [[American Revolutionary War]], the island was invaded by a French force which captured [[St Helier]], but was defeated by [[Francis Peirson|Major Peirson]]'s army at the [[Battle of Jersey]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 July 2021 |title=1781 The Battle Of Jersey |url=https://www.jerseyheritage.org/learn/schools/1781-the-battle-of-jersey/ |access-date=18 March 2022 |website=Jersey Heritage |language=en |archive-date=4 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220404212148/https://www.jerseyheritage.org/learn/schools/1781-the-battle-of-jersey/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

The 19th century saw the improvement of the road network under General Don,<ref name="Kelleher-1991">{{Cite thesis |title=The rural community in nineteenth century Jersey |url=https://pugwash.lib.warwick.ac.uk/record=b1410448~S15 |publisher=University of Warwick |date=1991 |first=John D. |last=Kelleher |access-date=17 March 2022 |archive-date=28 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210328050841/https://pugwash.lib.warwick.ac.uk/record=b1410448~S15 |url-status=live }}</ref> the construction of two railway lines, the improvement of transport links to England, and the construction of new piers and harbours in St Helier.{{sfn|Syvret|Stevens|Balleine|2011|p=}} This grew a tourism industry in the island and led to the immigration of thousands of English residents, leading to a cultural shift towards a more anglicised island culture. Island politics was divisively split between the conservative Laurel party and the progressive Rose party, as the lie of power shifted increasingly to the States from the Crown.{{sfn|Syvret|Stevens|Balleine|2011|p=}} In the 1850s, the French author [[Victor Hugo]] lived in Jersey, but was expelled for insulting the [[Queen Victoria|Queen]], so he moved on to [[Guernsey]].{{sfn|Syvret|Stevens|Balleine|2011|p=}}

=== 20th century-Present ===
During the [[Second World War]], 6,500 Jersey residents were evacuated by their own choice to the UK out of a total population of 50,000.<ref name="Bunting">{{cite book |last1=Bunting |first1=Madeleine |title=The Model Occupation |date=1995 |publisher=Harper Collins |location=London |isbn=0002552426 |page=21}}</ref> Jersey was [[German occupation of the Channel Islands|occupied by Germany]] from 1 July 1940 until 9 May 1945, when Germany surrendered.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bellows |first=Tony |title=What was the "Occupation" and why is "Liberation Day" celebrated in the Channel Islands? |url=http://members.societe-jersiaise.org/whitsco/jerrais1.htm |access-date=18 August 2013 |website=[[Société Jersiaise]] |archive-date=2 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131102230333/http://members.societe-jersiaise.org/whitsco/jerrais1.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> During this time the Germans constructed many fortifications using [[slave labour]] imported onto the island from many different countries occupied or at war with Germany.{{sfn|Bunting|1995|pages=151–154}} After 1944, supplies from France were interrupted by the [[Normandy landings|D-Day landings]], and food on the island became scarce. The [[SS Vega (1913)|''SS Vega'']] was sent to the island carrying [[Red Cross]] supplies and news of the success of the Allied advance in Europe. During the [[German occupation of the Channel Islands|Nazi occupation]], a resistance cell was created by communist activist [[Norman Le Brocq]] and the [[Jersey Communist Party]], whose communist ideology of forming a 'United Front' led to the creation of the Jersey Democratic Movement.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Meddick |first1=Simon |title=Red Lives: Communists and the Struggle for Socialism |last2=Payne |first2=Liz |last3=Catz |first3=Phil |publisher=Manifesto Press Cooperative Limited |year=2020 |isbn=978-1-907464-45-4 |location=UK |pages=122–123}}</ref> The Channel Islands had to wait for the German surrender to be liberated. 9 May is celebrated as the island's [[Liberation Day (Channel Islands)|Liberation Day]], where there are celebrations in Liberation Square. After Liberation, the States was reformed, becoming wholly democratically elected, and [[Universal suffrage|universal franchise]] was implemented. Since liberation, the island has grown in population and adopted new industries, especially the finance industry.{{sfn|Syvret|Stevens|Balleine|2011|p=}}

Jersey Heritage is inviting locals to nominate sites of natural and cultural significance for potential [[UNESCO]] Global Geopark status, highlighting geological features like Anne Port and Portelet Bay alongside historical landmarks such as Le Dolmen des Geonnais and St Clement's Church, to showcase Jersey's unique heritage and join the network of 213 Global Geoparks worldwide.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-11-05 |title=Jersey islanders asked to identify sites for Unesco bids |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/ce8y22rep0do |access-date=2025-02-24 |website=www.bbc.com |language=en-GB}}</ref>