Editing Jeans (section)

===Fabric ===
[[File:Manifattura genovese, abito da festa in tela di genova (jeans), 1850-1900 ca..JPG|thumb|180px|A traditional women's Genoese dress in "blue jeans" (1890s). [[Palazzo Spinola di Pellicceria]], [[Genoa]], Italy.]]

Research on the trade of jean fabric shows that it emerged in the cities of [[Genoa]], Italy, and [[Nîmes]], France. Gênes, the French word for Genoa, might be the origin of the word "[[Wikt:jeans|jeans]]". In Nîmes, weavers tried to reproduce jean fabric but instead developed a similar [[twill]] fabric that became known as denim, "''de Nîmes"'', meaning "from Nîmes". Genoa's jeans fabric was a [[fustian]] textile of "medium quality and of reasonable cost", very similar to cotton [[corduroy]] for which Genoa was famous, and was "used for work clothes in general". The [[Genoese navy]] equipped its sailors with jeans, as they needed a fabric that could be worn wet or dry.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Qy4YtuIHsQcC&pg=PA235 |title=Transnationalism and Society: An Introduction |author-last=Howard |author-first=Michael C. |date=2011 |publisher=McFarland |isbn=978-0-78648625-0 |access-date=August 14, 2017 |archive-date=October 26, 2023 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20231026064304/https://books.google.com/books?id=Qy4YtuIHsQcC&pg=PA235#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://facweb.cs.depaul.edu/sgrais/jeans.htm |title=Jeans |website=facweb.cs.depaul.edu |access-date=August 14, 2017 |archive-date=June 19, 2017 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170619115433/http://facweb.cs.depaul.edu/sgrais/jeans.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> Nîmes's "denim" was coarser, considered higher quality, and was used "for over garments such as smocks or overalls".<ref name="Gruber_2010"/>{{rp|page=23}} In 1576, a quantity of "jean fustians" arrived into the port of Barnstaple on a vessel from Bristol.<ref>{{cite news |author=National Archives |title=Import and Export books for the Port of Barnstaple |date=February 18, 1576 |id=E 190/930/5}}</ref> Nearly all [[indigo]], needed for dyeing, came from indigo bush plantations in India until the late 19th century. It was replaced by indigo synthesis methods developed in Germany.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ingenious.org.uk/site.asp?s=RM&Param=1&SubParam=1&Content=1&ArticleID=%7BCBDF1082-9F5C-498F-A769-B33A7DA83B30%7D&ArticleID2=%7B3C4444FC-FC4D-4498-B0B4-8B8A47C5BA76%7D&MenuLinkID=%7BA54FA022-17E2-483C-B937-DEC8B8964C33%7D |title=The synthesis of indigo |publisher=Ingenious.org.uk |access-date=October 28, 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304084155/http://www.ingenious.org.uk/site.asp?s=RM&Param=1&SubParam=1&Content=1&ArticleID=%7BCBDF1082-9F5C-498F-A769-B33A7DA83B30%7D&ArticleID2=%7B3C4444FC-FC4D-4498-B0B4-8B8A47C5BA76%7D&MenuLinkID=%7BA54FA022-17E2-483C-B937-DEC8B8964C33%7D |archive-date=March 4, 2016}}</ref>

[[File:Closeup of copper rivet on jeans.jpg|thumb|left|Copper [[rivet]]s for reinforcing pockets are a characteristic feature of blue jeans.]]
By the 17th century, jean was a crucial textile for working-class people in Northern Italy. This is seen in a series of genre paintings from around the 17th century attributed to an artist now referred to as the Master of the Blue Jeans.<ref name="Gruber_2010"/>{{rp|page=10}} The ten paintings depict impoverished scenes with lower-class figures wearing a fabric that looks like denim. The fabric would have been Genoese jean, which was cheaper. [[Genre painting]] came to prominence in the late 16th century, and the non-nobility subject matter in all ten paintings places them among others that portray similar scenes.<ref>{{cite book |author-last=Welch |author-first=Evelyn |title=Shopping in the Renaissance: Consumer Cultures in Italy 1400–1600 |date=2005 |publisher=Yale University Press |location=New Haven |page=44}}</ref>

Dungaree was mentioned for the first time in the 17th century, when it was referred to as cheap, coarse thick cotton cloth, often colored blue but sometimes white, worn by impoverished people in what was then a region of [[Bombay]], India a dockside village called Dongri. This cloth was "dungri" in [[Hindi]]. Dungri was exported to England and used for manufacturing of cheap, robust working clothes. In English, the word "dungri" became pronounced as "dungaree".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.historyofjeans.com/jeans-history/history-of-dungaree-fabric/ |title=Origin and History of Dungaree Fabric |author-last=William |author-first=Carrie |date=September 3, 2017 |publisher=Historyofjeans.com |access-date=October 28, 2015 |archive-date=November 25, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151125084250/http://www.historyofjeans.com/jeans-history/history-of-dungaree-fabric/ |url-status=live }}</ref>{{Relevance inline|date=February 2020|Dungaree paragraph}}