Editing Java (section)

==Geography==
{{See also|Volcanoes of Java}}
[[File:Mount Bromo (2012).JPG|thumb|[[Mount Bromo]] in [[Malang]], East Java]]

Java lies between [[Sumatra]] to the west and [[Bali]] to the east. [[Borneo]] lies to the north, and [[Christmas Island]] is to the south. It is the world's 13th largest island. Java is surrounded by the [[Java Sea]] to the north, the [[Sunda Strait]] to the west, the [[Indian Ocean]] to the south and [[Bali Strait]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://geography.name/java/|title=Java|publisher=geography.name|access-date=27 June 2024}}</ref> and [[Madura Strait]] in the east.<ref name="worldatlas">{{cite web|url=https://www.worldatlas.com/islands/java-island.html|title=Java Island|date=24 August 2021 |publisher=WorldAtlas.com|access-date=27 June 2024}}</ref>

Java is almost entirely of volcanic origin; it contains 38 mountains forming an east–west spine that have at one time or another been active volcanoes. There are 112 volcanoes in all, 35 of which are active. The highest volcano in Java is Mount [[Semeru]], {{Convert|3676|m|ft}}. The most active volcano in Java and also in Indonesia is [[Mount Merapi]], {{Convert|2930|m|ft}}.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Pravitasari|first=Andrea Emma|title=Study on Impact of Urbanization and Rapid Urban Expansion in Java and Jabodetabek Megacity, Indonesia|journal=Geography, Environmental Science|date=24 September 2015|volume=|issue=|page=18|doi=10.14989/doctor.k19347|s2cid=131526829|url=}}</ref> In total, Java has more than 150 mountains.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Java-island-Indonesia|title=Java|date=23 June 2024 |publisher=[[Britannica]]|access-date=27 June 2024}}</ref>

Java's mountains and highlands split the interior into a series of relatively isolated regions suitable for [[Paddy field|wet-rice]] cultivation; the rice lands of Java are among the richest in the world.<ref name="RICKLEFS_p15">{{cite book |last=Ricklefs |first=M. C. |title=A History of Modern Indonesia since c.1300 |edition=2 |publisher=MacMillan |year=1990 |location=London |page=15 |isbn=978-0-333-57690-8}}</ref> Java was the first place where [[Coffee production in Indonesia|Indonesian coffee]] was grown, starting in 1699. Today, [[coffea arabica]] is grown on the Ijen Plateau by small-holders and larger plantations.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sucafina.com/na/news/about-indonesia|title=About Indonesia|publisher=Sucafina|access-date=27 June 2024}}</ref> 

[[File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM De weg van Buitenzorg naar de Preanger Regentschappen TMnr 3728-429c.jpg|thumb|[[Parahyangan]] highland near {{lang|nl|Buitenzorg}} (now [[Bogor]], West Java), {{circa}} 1865–1872]]

The area of Java is about {{Convert|132598.77|km2|mi2}} (including Madura's {{Convert|5408.45|km2|mi2}} and minor offshore islands).<ref name="RICKLEFS_p15"/> It is about {{convert |1000|km|abbr=on}} long and up to {{convert|210|km|abbr=on}} wide. The island's longest [[river]] is the 600&nbsp;km long [[Solo River]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.jasatirta1.go.id/english/3WorkArea/20BengawanSolo.htm |title=Management of Bengawan Solo River Area|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011113418/http://jasatirta1.go.id/english/3WorkArea/20BengawanSolo.htm |archive-date=2007-10-11 |publisher=Jasa Tirta I Corporation |date=2006}}</ref> The river rises from its source in central Java at the [[Mount Lawu|Lawu]] volcano, then flows north and eastward to its mouth in the Java Sea near the city of [[Surabaya]]. Other major rivers are [[Brantas River|Brantas]], [[Citarum River|Citarum]], [[Manuk River|Cimanuk]] and [[Serayu River|Serayu]].{{cn|date=December 2023}}

The average temperature ranges from {{Convert|22|C|F}} to {{Convert|29|C|F}}; average humidity is 75%. The northern coastal plains are normally hotter, averaging {{Convert|34|C|F}} during the day in the [[dry season]]. The south coast is generally cooler than the north, and highland areas inland are even cooler.<ref>{{cite web |title=Climate, Weather, and Temperature of Java Indonesia |url=http://www.javaindonesia.org/general/climate-weather-temperature-java-indonesia/|access-date=1 April 2014|archive-date=3 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190903193044/http://www.javaindonesia.org/general/climate-weather-temperature-java-indonesia/|url-status=dead}}</ref> The [[wet season]] begins in November and ends in April. During that rain falls mostly in the afternoons and intermittently during other parts of the year. The wettest months are January and February.<ref>{{cite web|last=Aqil|first=Ibnu|date=6 January 2023|url=https://www.thejakartapost.com/indonesia/2023/01/05/central-java-rainy-season-to-peak-in-january-february.html|title=Central Java rainy season to peak in January, February|publisher=[[The Jakarta Post]]|access-date=27 June 2024}}</ref>

West Java is wetter than [[East Java]], and mountainous regions receive much higher rainfall. The [[Parahyangan]] highlands of West Java receive over {{Convert|4000|mm|in}} annually, while the north coast of East Java receives {{Convert|900|mm|in}} annually.{{cn|date=December 2023}}