Editing James Mark Baldwin (section)

===Early life===
Baldwin was born on January 12, 1861<ref>{{cite web |title=Photos of James Mark Baldwin |url=https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/54915705/james_mark-baldwin/photo |website=Find a Grave |access-date=4 April 2025}}</ref> and raised in [[Columbia, South Carolina]]. His father, who was from Connecticut, was an [[abolitionist]] and was known to purchase slaves in order to free them. During the [[American Civil War|Civil War]] his father moved north, but the family remained in their home until the time of [[Sherman's March]]. Upon their return after the war, Baldwin's father was part of the [[Reconstruction Era]] government. Baldwin was sent north to receive his secondary education in New Jersey. As a result, he chose to attend the College of New Jersey (now [[Princeton University]]).

Baldwin started in theology under the tutelage of the college's president, [[James McCosh]], but soon switched to philosophy, completing a B.A. in 1884. He was awarded the Green Fellowship in Mental Science (named after his future father-in-law, the head of the [[Princeton Theological Seminary]]) and used it to study in Germany with [[Wilhelm Wundt]] at Leipzig and with [[Friedrich Paulsen]] at Berlin during the following year.

In 1886 he became Instructor in French and German at the [[Princeton Theological Seminary]]. He translated [[Théodule-Armand Ribot]]'s ''German Psychology of Today'' and wrote his first paper "The Postulates of a Physiological Psychology". Ribot's work traced the origins of psychology from [[Immanuel Kant]] through [[Johann Friedrich Herbart]], [[Gustav Theodor Fechner]], [[Hermann Lotze]] to [[Wilhelm Wundt|Wundt]].

In 1887, while working as a professor of philosophy at [[Lake Forest College]], he married Helen Hayes Green, the daughter of the president of the seminary, [[William Henry Green]]. At Lake Forest, he published the first part of his ''Handbook of Psychology (Senses and Intellect)'' in which he directed attention to the new experimental psychology of [[Ernst Heinrich Weber]], [[Gustav Theodor Fechner|Fechner]] and [[Wilhelm Wundt|Wundt]]. He also completed his master's degree from Princeton.<ref name="Washburn1935">{{cite journal |first1=Margaret Floy |last1=Washburn |author-link=Margaret Floy Washburn |title=James Mark Baldwin: 1861-1934 |journal=The American Journal of Psychology |date=1935 |volume=47 |issue=1 |pages=168–169 |jstor=1416722 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1416722 }}</ref> In 1889, he completed his doctoral degree, also from Princeton.<ref name="Washburn1935" />

In 1890 he went to the [[University of Toronto]] as the Chair of Logic and Metaphysics. His creation of a laboratory of experimental psychology at Toronto (which he claimed was the first in the [[British Empire]]) coincided with the birth of his daughters Helen (1889) and Elizabeth (1891) which inspired the quantitative and experimental research on [[infant development]] that was to make such a vivid impression on [[Jean Piaget]] and [[Lawrence Kohlberg]] through Baldwin's ''Mental Development in the Child and the Race: Methods and Processes'' (1894) dedicated to the subject. A second part of ''Handbook of Psychology (Feeling and Will)'' appeared in 1891.

During this creative phase Baldwin traveled to France (1892) to visit the important psychologists [[Jean-Martin Charcot]] (at the [[Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital|Salpêtrière]]), [[Hippolyte Bernheim]] (at Nancy), and [[Pierre Janet]].