Editing Jakarta (section)

==History==
{{main|History of Jakarta}}
{{For timeline}}
===Precolonial era===
{{further|Sunda Kelapa}}
[[File:Replica of the Luso-Sundanese Padrão Monument.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Luso-Sundanese padrão|Luso-Sundanese ''padrão'']], a monument with a cross of the [[Military Order of Christ|Order of Christ]], commemorating a treaty between [[Portuguese Empire|Portugal]] and Hindu [[Sunda Kingdom|Sunda]] kingdoms]]
The north coast area of western Java including Jakarta was the location of prehistoric [[Buni culture]] that flourished from 400 BC to 100 AD.{{sfn|Zahorka|2007|p=?}} The area in and around modern Jakarta was part of the 4th-century [[Sundanese people|Sundanese]] kingdom of [[Tarumanagara]], one of the oldest [[Hindu]] kingdoms in Indonesia.{{sfn|Ayatrohaédi|2005|p=?}} The area of [[North Jakarta]] around [[Kampung Tugu|Tugu]] became a populated settlement in the early 5th century. The [[Tugu inscription]] (probably written around 417 AD) discovered in Batutumbuh hamlet, Tugu village, [[Koja, Jakarta|Koja]], [[North Jakarta]], mentions that King [[Purnawarman]] of Tarumanagara undertook hydraulic projects; the irrigation and water drainage project of the Chandrabhaga river and the Gomati river near his capital.{{sfn|Hellman|Thynell|Voorst|2018|p=182}} Following the decline of [[Tarumanagara]], its territories, including the Jakarta area, became part of the Hindu [[Sunda Kingdom|Kingdom of Sunda]]. From the 7th to the early 13th century, the port of Sunda was under the [[Srivijaya]] maritime empire. According to the Chinese source, ''[[Zhu Fan Zhi|Chu-fan-chi]]'', written circa 1225, [[Zhao Rukuo|Chou Ju-kua]] reported in the early 13th century that Srivijaya still ruled Sumatra, the Malay peninsula, and western Java ([[Sunda Kingdom|Sunda]]).{{sfn|Bunge|Vreeland|1983|p=3}} The source says the port of Sunda was strategic and thriving, mentioning [[Black pepper|pepper]] from Sunda as among the best in quality. The people worked in agriculture, and their houses were built on wooden piles.{{sfn|Ayatrohaédi|2005|p=60}} The harbour area became known as [[Sunda Kelapa]] ([[Sundanese language|Sundanese]]: {{Sund|ᮞᮥᮔ᮪ᮓ ᮊᮨᮜᮕ}}) and by the 14th century, it was an important trading port for the Sunda Kingdom.

The first European fleet, four Portuguese ships from [[Malacca]], arrived in 1513 while looking for a route to obtain spices.{{sfn|Heuken|1999|p=?}} The Sunda Kingdom [[Luso Sundanese padrão|made an alliance treaty]] with the Portuguese by allowing them to build a port in 1522 to defend against the rising power of the [[Demak Sultanate]] from central Java.<ref name="jakarta-news-2011" /> In 1527, [[Fatahillah]], a Pasai-born military commander of Demak attacked and conquered Sunda Kelapa, driving out the Portuguese. Sunda Kelapa was renamed Jayakarta,<ref name="jakarta-news-2011" /> and became a fiefdom of the [[Banten Sultanate]], which became a major Southeast Asian trading centre.

Through the relationship with Prince Jayawikarta of the Banten Sultanate, Dutch ships arrived in 1596. In 1602, an English [[East India Company]] (EIC) voyage led by Sir [[James Lancaster]] arrived in [[Aceh]] and sailed on to [[Banten]], where they were allowed to build a trading post. This site became the centre of English trade in the Indonesian archipelago until 1682.{{sfn|Ricklefs|1981|p=?}} Jayawikarta is thought to have made trading connections with the English merchants, who were rivals with the Dutch, by allowing them to build houses directly across from the Dutch buildings in 1615.{{sfn|Heuken|1999|p=?}}

===Colonial era===
{{see also|Batavia, Dutch East Indies|List of colonial buildings and structures in Jakarta}}
[[File:Batavia - Townhall 1770.jpg|thumb|The City Hall of Batavia (''Stadhuis van Batavia''), the seat of the governor-general of the [[Dutch East India Company|VOC]] in the late 18th century by [[Johannes Rach]] c. 1770. The building now houses the [[Jakarta History Museum]], [[Jakarta Old Town]]]]
When relations between Prince Jayawikarta and the Dutch deteriorated, his soldiers attacked the Dutch fortress. His army and their EIC allies, however, were defeated by the Dutch, in part owing to the timely arrival of [[Jan Pieterszoon Coen]]. The Dutch burned the EIC trading post and forced them to retreat to their ships. The victory consolidated Dutch power, and they renamed the city ''Batavia'' in 1619.{{Citation needed|date=May 2025}}

Commercial opportunities in the city attracted native and especially Chinese and Arab immigrants. This sudden population increase created burdens on the city. Tensions grew as the colonial government tried to restrict Chinese migration through deportations. Following a revolt, 5,000 Chinese were [[1740 Batavia massacre|massacred]] by the Dutch and natives on 9 October 1740, and the following year, Chinese inhabitants were moved to [[Glodok]] outside the city walls.{{sfn|Witton|2003|pp=138–39}} At the beginning of the 19th century, around 400 Arabs and Moors lived in Batavia, a number that changed little during the following decades. Among the commodities traded were fabrics, mainly imported cotton, ''[[batik]]'' and clothing worn by Arab communities.{{sfn|Nas|Grijns|2000|p=145}}

[[File:Coat of Arms of Batavia (1930).svg|thumb|Coat of Arms of [[Batavia, Dutch East Indies|Batavia]] during Dutch colonial era, granted in 1930]]
The city began to expand further south as epidemics in 1835 and 1870 forced residents to move away from the port. The ''Koningsplein'', now [[Merdeka Square, Jakarta|Merdeka Square]] was completed in 1818, the housing park of [[Menteng]] was started in 1913,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://travele.co.id/sejarah-perkembangan-kota-jakarta/ |title=Menteng: Pelopor Kota Taman |date=3 November 2007 |publisher=Badan Perencanaan Kotamadya Jakarta Pusat |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090220150339/http://www.bapekojakartapusat.go.id/node/42 |archive-date=20 February 2009 |language=id}}</ref> and [[Kebayoran Baru]] was the last Dutch-built residential area.{{sfn|Witton|2003|pp=138–39}} By 1930, Batavia had more than 500,000 inhabitants,{{sfn|Henderson|1970|pp=81–82}} including 37,067 Europeans.{{sfn|Bakker|Kooy|Shofiani|Martijn|2008|p=1891}} The city was expanded in 1935 through the annexation of the town of Meester Cornelis, modern [[Jatinegara]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Sejarah perkembangan Kota Jakarta |date=2000 |publisher=Pemerintah Propinsi Daerah Khusus Ibukota Jakarta, Dinas Museum dan Pemugaran |page=56 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mHpwAAAAMAAJ&q=meester+cornelis+batavia+1935 |language=id}}</ref>

On 5 March 1942, the Japanese captured [[Batavia, Dutch East Indies|Batavia]] from Dutch control, and the city was named Jakarta ({{Nihongo|Jakarta Special City|ジャカルタ特別市|Jakaruta tokubetsu-shi}}, under the special status that was assigned to the city). After the war, the Dutch name Batavia was internationally recognised until full Indonesian independence on 27 December 1949. The city, now renamed Jakarta, was officially proclaimed the national capital of Indonesia.

===Independence===
[[File:Indonesia declaration of independence 17 August 1945.jpg|thumb|[[Sukarno]] reading the [[Proclamation of Indonesian Independence]] at Jalan Pegangsaan Timur Number 56, Menteng]]
After [[World War II]] ended, Indonesian nationalists declared independence on 17 August 1945,{{sfn|Waworoentoe|2013}} and the government of Jakarta City was changed into the Jakarta National Administration in the following month. During the [[Indonesian National Revolution]], Indonesian republicans withdrew from [[Allies of World War II|Allied]]-occupied Jakarta and established their capital in [[Yogyakarta]].

After securing full independence, Jakarta again became the national capital in 1950.{{sfn|Witton|2003|pp=138–39}} With Jakarta selected to host the [[1962 Asian Games]], [[Sukarno]], envisaging Jakarta as a great international city, instigated large government-funded projects with openly nationalistic and [[modernist architecture]].<ref>{{harvnb|Kusno|2000|p=56}}; {{harvnb|Schoppert|Damais|1997|p=105?}}</ref> Projects included [[Semanggi Interchange|a cloverleaf interchange]], a major boulevard ([[Jalan MH Thamrin (Jakarta)|Jalan MH Thamrin]]-Sudirman), monuments such as [[Monas|The National Monument]], [[Hotel Indonesia]], a shopping centre, and a new building intended to be the headquarters of [[CONEFO]]. In October 1965, Jakarta was the site of [[30 September Movement|an abortive coup]] attempt in which six top generals were killed, precipitating [[Indonesian mass killings of 1965–66|a violent anti-communist purge]] which killed at least 500,000 people, including some ethnic Chinese.<ref>"[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/analysis/51981.stm Why ethnic Chinese are afraid] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170824095624/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/analysis/51981.stm |date=24 August 2017}}". [[BBC News]]. 12 February 1998.</ref> The event marked [[Transition to the New Order|the beginning of Suharto's New Order]]. The first government was led by a mayor until the end of 1960 when the office was changed to that of a governor. The last mayor of Jakarta was [[Soediro]] until he was replaced by [[Soemarno Sosroatmodjo]] as governor.

[[File:MonasConstruction2.jpg|thumb|170px|One of the largest projects launched by Sukarno was the demolition of government buildings in [[Merdeka Square, Jakarta|Merdeka Square]] to make way for the [[National Monument (Indonesia)|National Monument]].]]
In 1966, Jakarta was declared a 'special capital region' ({{lang|id|Daerah Khusus Ibukota}}), with a status equivalent to that of a province separated from [[West Java]].<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Jakarta |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica Online |url=https://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9106450/Jakarta#13148.toc |access-date=17 September 2007 |publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070917230948/https://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9106450/Jakarta#13148.toc |archive-date=17 September 2007 |url-status=live}}</ref> Based on law No. 5 of 1974 relating to regional governments, the Jakarta Special Capital Region was confirmed as the capital of Indonesia and one of the country's then 26 provinces.<ref name="Statistics-2008" /> Lieutenant General [[Ali Sadikin]] served as governor from 1966 to 1977; he rehabilitated roads and bridges, encouraged the arts, and built hospitals and a large number of schools. He cleared out slum dwellers for new development projects — some for the benefit of the Suharto family,<ref>{{harvnb|Douglass|1989|pp=211–38}}; {{harvnb|Douglass|1992|pp=9–32}}</ref>— and attempted to eliminate rickshaws and ban street vendors. He began control of migration to the city to stem overcrowding and poverty.{{sfn|Turner|1997|p=315}} Foreign investment contributed to a real estate boom that transformed the face of Jakarta.{{sfn|Sajor|2003|pp=713–42}} The boom ended with the [[1997 Asian financial crisis]], putting Jakarta at the centre of violence, protest, and political manoeuvring.

After three decades in power, support for President [[Suharto]] began to wane. Tensions peaked when four students were [[Trisakti shootings|shot dead]] at [[Trisakti University]] by security forces. [[May 1998 riots of Indonesia|Four days of riots and violence]] in 1998 ensued that killed an estimated 1,200, and destroyed or damaged 6,000 buildings, forcing Suharto to resign.{{sfn|Friend|2003|p=329}} Much of the rioting targeted [[Chinese Indonesian]]s.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Shari |first=Michael |date=7 March 2016 |title=Wages of Hatred |work=[[Bloomberg Businessweek]] |publisher=[[Bloomberg L.P.|Bloomberg]] |location=Kuta Gandeg, West Java |publication-place=New York City |url=http://www.businessweek.com/2000/00_41/b3702149.htm |url-status=dead |access-date=7 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307100321/http://www.businessweek.com/2000/00_41/b3702149.htm |archive-date=7 March 2016}}</ref> In the post-Suharto era, Jakarta has remained the focal point of democratic change in Indonesia.{{sfn|Friend|2003|p=?}} [[Jemaah Islamiyah]]-connected bombings occurred almost annually in the city between 2000 and 2005,{{sfn|Witton|2003|pp=138–39}} with [[2009 Jakarta bombings|another in 2009]].<ref>{{cite web |author=Minggu |date=19 July 2009 |url=http://www.poskota.co.id/berita-terkini/2009/07/19/daftar-serangan-bom-di-jakarta |title=Daftar Serangan Bom di Jakarta |publisher=Poskota |access-date=27 April 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090812063627/http://www.poskota.co.id/berita-terkini/2009/07/19/daftar-serangan-bom-di-jakarta |archive-date=12 August 2009}}</ref> In August 2007, Jakarta held [[2007 Jakarta gubernatorial election|its first-ever election to choose a governor]] as part of a nationwide decentralisation program that allows direct local elections in several areas. Previously, governors were elected by the city's legislative body.<ref>{{cite news |title=Jakarta holds historic election |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/6936276.stm |url-status=live |date=8 August 2007 |publisher=BBC News |access-date=8 August 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101050015/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/6936276.stm |archive-date=1 January 2016}}</ref>

During the [[Jokowi]] presidency, the Government adopted a plan to move Indonesia's capital to [[Nusantara (planned city)|Nusantara]] after 17 August 2024,<ref name="kalimantan">{{cite news |url=https://www.smh.com.au/world/asia/jakarta-sinks-as-indonesian-capital-and-borneo-takes-on-mantle-20190826-p52kvp.html |title=Jakarta sinks as Indonesian capital and Borneo takes on mantle |newspaper=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]] |access-date=26 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190826082811/https://www.smh.com.au/world/asia/jakarta-sinks-as-indonesian-capital-and-borneo-takes-on-mantle-20190826-p52kvp.html |archive-date=26 August 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref> but this has not occurred due to delays.<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 August 2024 |title=Indonesia's new capital isn't ready yet. The president is celebrating Independence Day there anyway |url=https://apnews.com/article/indonesia-widodo-new-capital-nusantara-43641d95d2d88caeda772c87dffc0f23 |access-date=18 August 2024 |website=AP News |language=en}}</ref>

Between [[2016 Jakarta attacks|2016]] and [[2017 Jakarta bombings|2017]], a series of terrorist attacks rocked Jakarta with scenes of multiple suicide bombings and gunfire. [[Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi]] claimed responsibility for the attacks on behalf of [[Islamic State]].