Editing Jacobo Timerman (section)

==Career==
===Journalist and publisher===
Timerman gained work as a journalist and rose in his profession, reporting for various publications including the ''[[Agence France-Presse]],''<ref name=Forward>{{cite news |id={{ProQuest|367697673}} |title=Jacobo Timerman, Exposed Argentina's 'Dirty War,' 76 |work=Forward |location=New York |date=19 November 1999 |page=6 }}</ref> ''Mail,'' ''What,'' ''News Charts,'' ''New Zion,'' and ''Commentary.''<ref name="dia"/> He became fluent in English as well as Spanish.<ref name="Curtiss"/> He gained experience and reported on Argentine and South American politics.

In 1962, Timerman founded ''[[Primera Plana]]'', an Argentine news-weekly often compared to the American publication, ''[[Time magazine|Time]]'' magazine.<ref name=Knudson98>Knudson, "Veil of Silence" (1997), p. 98.</ref> In 1964 Timerman resigned as editor of ''Primera Plana,'' amid rumors of official threats due to his "line of opposition to the government". The magazine announced Timerman's resignation the week after it had reported on government threats to sanction uncooperative publications.<ref>{{cite news |id={{ProQuest|510640856}} |last1=Ingrey |first1=Norman A. |title=Argentines Examine Threat: TV Time Withheld |work=The Christian Science Monitor |date=28 July 1964 |page=11 }}</ref>

In 1965, he founded another news weekly titled ''[[Confirmado]]'' (''The Journal'').<ref name="dia">[https://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=es&u=http://www.eldia.com.ar/ediciones/19991112/elpais1.html&prev=/search%3Fq%3DEl%2BPais%2B-%2BJacobo%2BTimerman%26client%3Dfirefox-a%26hs%3DJKO%26rls%3Dorg.mozilla:en-US:official "Died Journalist Jacobo Timerman"], ''El Dia'', 12 November 1999, accessed 4 June 2013</ref><ref name=Knudson98 /><ref name="foster"/>

The Armed Forces seized power in 1966, overthrowing president [[Arturo Illia]]. General [[Juan Carlos Onganía]] was installed as president, initiating a repressive and unpopular regime. His administration was characterized by its violent repression of Argentina's universities and intellectuals, and for its policy of establishing strict and conservative Catholic morals. Onganía suspended publication of ''Primera Plana'' in 1969.<ref name="foster">[https://books.google.com/books?id=8KG-Xk74XdAC&dq=primera+plana+argentina&pg=PA62 David William Foster, Melissa Fitch Lockhart, Darrell B. Lockhart. ''Culture and Customs of Argentina''], Greenwood Publishing, 1998, pp. 63–65</ref> The next year it resumed publication but never regained its previous status. From his exile in Spain, former president [[Juan Perón]] bought Timerman's newspaper in 1970, planning to control it and part of the political discussion in the country.

Timerman founded ''[[La Opinión (Argentina)|La Opinión]]'' in 1971, which many considered "the greatest of his career.<ref name="foster"/> With it, Timerman began to cover topics in more depth and journalists signed their articles, so their work could be identified. His model was the French newspaper, ''[[Le Monde]].''<ref name="foster"/>

On 27 July 1972, the 20th anniversary of [[Eva Perón]]'s death, terrorists set off 20 bombs in Argentina, most located in banks. But Timerman was one of numerous people targeted in the 20 attempted bombings.<ref>{{cite news |id={{ProQuest|119513385}} |title=20 Bombings Mark Death of Eva Peron |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1972/07/27/archives/20-bombings-mark-death-of-eva-peron.html |work=The New York Times |date=27 July 1972 }}</ref>

Perón returned to Argentina from Spain in 1973 after his candidate [[Héctor Cámpora]] of the [[Justicialist Party]] was elected as president. Perón was widely understood to be the real power in the country, and the next year was elected as president after Campora stepped aside for him. His third wife, Isabel Perón, was elected as his vice-president. His death in 1974 raised uncertainty and political tensions. [[Isabel Perón]] succeeded him, becoming the first woman president in the Western Hemisphere. During the political unrest that year, Timerman received bomb threats by the [[Argentine Anti-Communist Alliance]] (also called the Triple A).<ref>{{cite news |id={{ProQuest|185720674}} |title=Five more deaths threatened |work=The Guardian |date=11 October 1974 |page=4 }}</ref>

===''La Opinión''===
From 1971 to 1977, Timerman edited and published the left-leaning daily ''[[La Opinión (Argentina)|La Opinión]]''. Under his leadership, this paper reported news and criticisms of the human rights violations of the Argentine government, into the early years of the [[Dirty War]]. One wealthy backer of the paper was [[David Graiver]], a Jewish businessman said to have ties to the leftist [[guerrilla]] group known as [[Montoneros]], which was banned.<ref name=Lipsky2009>Seth Lipsky, “[http://www.tabletmag.com/news-and-politics/16473/kristol-clear/ Kristol Clear How the neoconservative columnist’s x-ray vision will be missed]”, ''Tablet'', 21 September 2009.</ref> Graiver had lent money to the paper in 1974.<ref name=Diuguid /> Because of Graiver's alleged ties to the Montoneros, Timerman was later criticized for his connections to the businessman.

The publisher reported against both left-wing and [[right-wing terrorism]]. Some commentators have suggested that he supported a military coup to quell the violence.<ref name=Taussig>:Michael Taussig, ''Shamanism, Colonialism and the Wild Man - A Study in Terror and Healing''. University of Chicago Press, 1987; {{ISBN|0-226-79012-6}}, p. 4.</ref> Timerman believed that his paper was the only one that dared to report accurately on current affairs without hiding the events behind euphemisms. Both Isabel Perón and the military regime that overthrew her government suspended the paper for short periods prior to Timerman's arrest.<ref name=Diuguid>{{cite news |id={{ProQuest|147053478}} |last1=Diuguid |first1=Lewis H |title=Silencing Jacobo Timerman |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=31 March 1979 |page=A15 }}</ref> Timerman later wrote in ''Prisoner Without a Name'' (1981), "During my journalistic career, particularly as publisher and editor of ''La Opinión'', I received countless threats". For example:<ref name="Diuguid"/><ref>Timerman, ''Prisoner Without a Name'' (1981), p. 20.</ref>

<blockquote>One morning two letters arrived in the same mail: one was from the rightist terrorist organization (protected and utilized by paramilitary groups) condemning me to death because of its belief that my militancy on behalf of the right to trial for anyone arrested and my battle for human rights were hindrances in overthrowing communism; the other letter was from the terrorist [[Trotskyite]] group, ''Ejercito Revolucionario Popular'' (ERP)—the Popular Revolutionary Army—and indicated that if I continued accusing leftist revolutionaries of being Fascists and referring to them as the lunatic Left, I would be tried and most likely sentenced to death.</blockquote>

Timerman maintained his outspoken support for Israel. In 1975, in response to the [[United Nations General Assembly Resolution 3379]], which condemned Zionism as racism (as well as condemning South Africa's [[apartheid]]), he wrote "Why I Am A Zionist".<ref>Rein & Davidi, ''Exile of the World'' (2010), p. 10.</ref> (Originally passed largely by Non-aligned Nations following their conference that year, the resolution was revoked in 1991 by with [[United Nations General Assembly Resolution 46/86|UN General Assembly Resolution 46/86]].)

===1976 military coup===
A [[1976 Argentine coup d'état|coup in 1976]] installed General [[Jorge Rafael Videla]] and began "''[[National Reorganization Process|el Proceso]]''"— military rule, including widespread persecution that came to be known as Argentina's "[[Dirty War]]". Timerman like many others had initially supported a military takeover, on the grounds that it might curb the country's pervasive violence.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ocampo |first1=Luis Moreno |title=Beyond Punishment: Justice in the Wake of Massive Crimes in Argentina |journal=Journal of International Affairs |date=1999 |volume=52 |issue=2 |pages=669–689 |id={{ProQuest|220701642}} |jstor=24358059 }}</ref>

Timerman continued to publish ''La Opinión'' for a year after the coup. He later speculated that moderates within the military had kept the paper alive because "the continued existence of ''La Opinión'' was a credit abroad; it backed the philosophy of future national reconstruction, it upheld the thesis of national unity, and was committed on a daily basis to curbing extremist excesses."<ref>Timerman, ''Prisoner Without a Name'' (1981), p. 27</ref> The precise position of (and divisions within) the new government regarding Timerman and his paper, remains unknown.<ref>Rein & Davidi, "Exile of the World" (2010), p. 5. "Accordingly the question arises as to whether Timerman—who had supported the coup d'état that overthrew the Peronist government in March 1976 in the hope that it would restore confidence in the national institutions—was a victim of internal struggles between different groups in the armed forces competing for control of the regime, or whether he was arrested because of the intrinsic antisemitism of the military command. In addition, some commentators have suggested that, in the year since the coup, the generals had come to consider their former friend to be their most dangerous enemy and to believe that it was impossible to neutralize the only newspaper publishing news about what went on in government circles".</ref>

Anti-semitism increased during the 1970s as right-wing factions became more powerful. Jews were targeted in the media, including television stations operated by the government. A book called ''Plan Andinia'', published anonymously in 1977, warned of [[Andinia Plan|an international Zionist conspiracy to control part of Argentina]].<ref>Schoijet, ''The Timerman Affair'' (1983), p. 27. "Although Argentina had a previous history of anti-Semitism, a new anti-Semitic drive that began in 1969 reached its climax in 1977. That year marked the beginning of large-scale social unrest, and the publication of Nazi literature by a mysteriously well-financed publishing house located in the southern town of Bariloche. The anonymous publication of 'Plan Andinia' also took place in 1977. This anti-Semitic raving described a Jewish conspiracy against Argentina, which had the goal of establishing a Jewish-controlled puppet state after having secured the secession of the southern territories."</ref>

Anti-semitic bombings also increased, to a frequency of ten per month in 1976.<ref name=Schoijet27>Schoijet, "The Timerman Affair" (1983), p. 27.</ref> Police defused bombs placed outside of ''La Opinión'' headquarters during a wave of antisemitic violence in August of that year.<ref>{{cite news |id={{ProQuest|661014501}} |title=Rising tide of antisemitism worrying Jews in Argentina |work=The Boston Globe |date=30 August 1976 |page=2 }}</ref> An enormous bomb detonated in early 1977, at a screening of ''[[Victory at Entebbe]]'' (a pro-Israel film) in [[Córdoba, Argentina|Córdoba]], which damaged almost 80 businesses.<ref name=Schoijet27 />

At the beginning of April, the military began to arrest people connected to the Argentine banker [[David Graiver]], who had left the country in 1975 and was reported killed in a plane accident in Mexico in 1976. He had been under suspicion of financing the left-wing [[Montoneros]] guerrillas through money laundering of millions of dollars derived from their kidnapping ransoms. Reports suggest that between 100 and 300 people were arrested under this charge.<ref name=Schoijet27 />