Editing Jack Tramiel (section)

==Commodore==
{{Main|Commodore International}}

===Typewriters and calculators===
In 1953, while working as a [[taxi]] driver, Tramiel bought a shop in the [[The Bronx|Bronx]] to repair office machinery,<ref name="Up">{{cite web|url=https://www.commodore.ca/commodore-history/chronological-history-of-commodore-computer/|title=Chronological History of Commodore Computer|publisher=Up & Running Technologies Incorporated|access-date=April 12, 2021}}</ref> securing a $25,000 loan for the business from a U.S. Army entitlement.<ref name="Up & Running Technologies Incorporated">{{cite web|url=https://www.commodore.ca/commodore-history/you-dont-know-jack/|title=You Don't Know Jack!|publisher=Running|access-date=April 12, 2021}}</ref> He named it '''Commodore Portable Typewriter'''. Tramiel wanted a military-style name for his company, but names such as Admiral and General were already taken, so he settled on the Commodore name.<ref name="pcmag">{{cite news
 |title        = As Commodore 64 Turns 25, Founders Reminisce
 |work         = PC Magazine
 |date         = March 29, 1994
 |url          = https://www.pcmag.com/article2/0,2704,2231499,00.asp
 |access-date  = December 14, 2007
 |first        = Natali
 |last         = Del Conte
 |archive-date = December 13, 2007
 |archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20071213183701/http://www.pcmag.com/article2/0,2704,2231499,00.asp
 |url-status   = dead
}}</ref>

In 1956, Tramiel signed a deal with Czechoslovak typewriter manufacturer [[Zbrojovka Brno|Zbrojovka Brno NP]] to assemble and sell their typewriters in North America. However, as Czechoslovakia was part of the [[Warsaw Pact]], they could not be imported directly into the U.S., so Tramiel used parts from Zbrojovka's Consul typewriters and set up '''Commodore Business Machines''' in [[Toronto]], Canada.<ref name="Up"/> After Zbrojovka began developing their own hardware Commodore signed an agreement in 1962 with [[Rheinmetall-Borsig]] AG and began to sell Commodore portable typewriters made from the parts of older Rheinmetall-Borsig typewriters.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://oztypewriter.blogspot.com/2013/05/rheinmetall-portable-typewriters.html|title=oz.Typewriter: Rheinmetall Portable Typewriters|last=Messenger|first=Robert|date=May 3, 2013|website=oz.Typewriter|access-date=May 11, 2016}}</ref> In 1962, Commodore went public, but the arrival of Japanese typewriters in the U.S. market made the selling of Czechoslovak typewriters unprofitable. Struggling for cash, the company sold 17% of its stock to Canadian businessman [[Irving Gould]], taking in $400,000<ref name="Up"/> and using the money to re-launch the company in the [[adding machine]] business,<ref>In 1962, he bought Feiler, a German company producing adding machines (see [https://www.commodore.ca/commodore-history/early-history-of-jack-tramiels-commodore/ Early history of Jack Tramiels-Commodore])</ref> which was profitable for a time before the Japanese entered that field as well. Stung twice by the same source, Gould suggested that Tramiel travel to Japan to learn why they were able to outcompete North Americans in their own local markets. It was during this trip that Tramiel saw the first digital calculators, and decided that the mechanical adding machine was a dead end.<ref name=early>{{cite web|url=https://www.commodore.ca/commodore-history/early-commodore-history/|title=Early Commodore History!|publisher=Running|access-date=April 12, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100323133002/http://www.commodore.ca/history/company/early_commodore_history.htm|archive-date=March 23, 2010|url-status=dead}}</ref>

When Commodore released its first calculators, combining an LED display from [[Calculator#Pocket calculators|Bowmar]] and an [[integrated circuit]] from [[Texas Instruments]] (TI), it found a ready market. However, after slowly realizing the size of the market, TI decided to cut Commodore out of the middle, and released their own calculators at a price point below Commodore's cost of just the chips. Gould once again rescued the company, injecting another $3&nbsp;million, which allowed Commodore to purchase [[MOS Technology|MOS Technology, Inc.]] an [[Integrated circuit|IC]] design and [[semiconductor fabrication plant|semiconductor manufacturer]], a company which had also supplied Commodore with calculator ICs.<ref name=early/> When their lead designer, [[Chuck Peddle]], told Tramiel that calculators were a dead end and computers were the future, Tramiel told him to build one to prove the point.<ref>{{Cite web |last=admin |date=2012-08-19 |title=Jack Tramiel, Founder Of Commodore Computers, Dies Aged 83. |url=https://www.liverpoolsoundandvision.co.uk/2012/08/19/jack-tramiel-founder-of-commodore-computers-dies-aged-83/ |access-date=2024-03-01 |website=Liverpool Sound and Vision |language=en-US}}</ref>

===Home computers===
Peddle responded with the [[Commodore PET]], based on his company's [[MOS Technology 6502]] processor. It was first shown, privately, at the Chicago [[Consumer Electronics Show]] in 1977, and soon the company was receiving 50 calls a day from dealers wanting to sell the computer.<ref name=early/> The PET became a success—especially in the education field, where its [[All-in-one PC|all-in-one]] design was a major advantage. Much of their success with the PET came from the business decision to sell directly to large customers, instead of selling to them through a dealer network. The first PET computers were sold primarily in Europe, where Commodore had also introduced the first wave of digital handheld calculators.<ref name=early/>

As prices dropped and the market matured, the PET's [[monochrome monitor]] (green text on black screen) was at a disadvantage in the market when compared to machines like the [[Apple II]] and [[Atari 8-bit computers]], which offered color graphics and could be hooked to a television as an inexpensive display. Commodore responded with the [[VIC-20]], and then the [[Commodore 64]], which became the best-selling home computer of all time.<ref>[https://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/news/9449764/Commodore-64-at-30-computing-for-the-masses.html "Commodore 64 at 30: computing for the masses"], The Telegraph</ref> The VIC-20 was the first computer to sell one million units. The Commodore 64 sold several million units. It was during this time that Tramiel coined the phrase, "We need to build computers for the masses, not the classes."<ref>[http://retro.ign.com/articles/105/1057252p2.html "Gamer Decades: The 1980s"], IGN</ref> An industry executive attributed to Tramiel the discontinuation of the [[TI-99/4A]] home computer in 1983, after the company had lost hundreds of millions of dollars, stating that "TI got suckered by Jack".<ref name="ahl198403">{{cite news | url=https://archive.org/stream/creativecomputing-1984-03/Creative_Computing_v10_n03_1984_Mar#page/n31/mode/2up | title=Texas Instruments | work=Creative Computing | date=March 1984 | access-date=February 6, 2015 | author=Ahl, David H. | pages=30–32 | author-link=David H. Ahl}}</ref> By 1983 Commodore had $1 billion in annual revenue.{{r|leemon198405}}

===Departure===
Gould had controlled the company since 1966. He and Tramiel often argued, but Gould usually let Tramiel run Commodore by himself. Tramiel was considered by many to be a [[Micromanagement|micromanager]] who did not believe in budgets, viewing them as a "license to steal"; he insisted on approving and personally signing every expense greater than $1,000, which meant that operations stopped when Tramiel went on his frequent business trips and vacations.<ref name="maher20130728">{{cite web | url=http://www.filfre.net/2013/07/a-computer-for-every-home/ | title=A Computer for Every Home? | work=The Digital Antiquarian | date=July 28, 2013 | access-date=July 10, 2014 | author=Maher, Jimmy}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Bagnall |first1=Brian |title=Commodore: A Company on the Edge |date=2012 |publisher=Variant Press |location=Chicago |isbn=978-0-9738649-6-0 |edition=2nd |chapter=Chapter 31: Commodore Mania}}</ref> His management style made it difficult for Commodore to hire and keep executives,{{r|pollak19840114}} but was effective. [[Adam Osborne]] wrote in 1981:<ref name="osborne19810413">{{cite news | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Dj4EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA42 | title=The Portable Osborne | work=InfoWorld | date=April 13, 1981 | access-date=January 1, 2015 | author=Osborne, Adam | pages=42–43}}</ref>

{{blockquote|The microcomputer industry abounds with horror stories describing the way Commodore treats its dealers and its customers. However, Jack Tramiel has built a large and profitable organization by offering a capable product. Tramiel definitely plays hardball, but he deserves credit for what he has been able to accomplish.}}

Tramiel angrily left a January 13, 1984 meeting of Commodore's board of directors led by chairman Gould, and never returned to the company. What happened at the board meeting remains unclear,{{r|maher20130728}} but the departure surprised the industry because of Commodore's great success against competitors. The press reported the poor relationship between Tramiel and Gould as the cause.<ref name=pollak19840114>{{cite news |newspaper=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1984/01/14/business/founder-of-commodore-resigns-unexpectedly.html |title= Founder of Commodore Resigns Unexpectedly |first=Andrew |last=Pollack |date=14 January 1984 | page=27}}</ref>{{r|maher20130728}} Neil Harris, editor of ''[[Commodore Magazine]]'', recalled:

{{blockquote|Well, came that fateful [[Consumer Electronics Show]] in January of '84 – a very strange press conference. Jack Tramiel got on stage in front of a whole ballroom full of press people to make the announcement that in the calendar year of 1983, Commodore had sold more than a billion dollars worth of products. Just phenomenal. In three years the company had grown from under $100&nbsp;million to over a billion dollar corporation. Just unbelievable growth. A success story. But Jack was on stage and he didn't look like a happy man, and Jack was not someone to hide his emotions generally – it just seemed strange for some of us in the back of the room. Three days after the show, Jack announced that he was resigning from the company. Apparently there had been some falling out between him and the chairman of the board, Irving Gould, and from that day on the company was not the same place.<ref name="DAK54">{{cite news | first = Marty | last = Herzog | date = January 1988 | title = Neil Harris | work = [[Comics Interview]] | issue = 54 | pages = 41–51 | publisher = [[Fictioneer Books]]}}</ref>}}

Tramiel said that he had resigned from Commodore because he disagreed with Gould "on the basic principles, how to run the company. And I felt that if I could not go into my office smiling, and being happy, I'd better quit".<ref>(1985). {{YouTube|id=NImJFV3wH88#t=9m25s|title=Jack Tramiel Interview}}</ref> Their disagreement was so bitter that, after his departure, ''Commodore Magazine'' was forbidden to quote Tramiel or mention his name.<ref name="DAK54"/> ''[[Ahoy!]]'' wrote that although Tramiel's "obsession with controlling the cost of every phase of the manufacturing process" had led to record profits during the [[North American video game crash of 1983|home computer price war]], his "inflexible one-man rule" had resulted in poor dealer relations and "a steady turnover of top executives at Commodore". The magazine concluded "it has become increasingly clear that the company is just too big for one man, however talented, to run".<ref name="leemon198405">{{cite news | url=https://archive.org/stream/Ahoy_Issue_05_1984-05_Ion_International_US#page/n43/mode/2up | title=The Future of Commodore? | work=Ahoy! | date=May 1984 | access-date=June 27, 2014 | author=Leemon, Sheldon | pages=44}}</ref>

During a question and answer session at CommVEx v11 (July 18, 2015), Jack's son, Leonard Tramiel, stated that now that both Irving Gould and his dad Jack were both deceased, he could finally reveal to the crowd what really transpired between Jack and Irving Gould that resulted in Tramiel leaving Commodore:<ref name="commvex">Archived at [https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/zfJzMAyDh_I Ghostarchive]{{cbignore}} and the [https://web.archive.org/web/20160310150507/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zfJzMAyDh_I Wayback Machine]{{cbignore}}: {{Citation|last=BIOSJERBIL|title=Bil Herd and Leonard Tramiel at CommVEx v11 2015|date=September 8, 2015|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zfJzMAyDh_I&t=4080|access-date=May 23, 2016}}{{cbignore}}</ref> On January 13, 1984 during a meeting with Irving, Jack told Irving that treating the assets of the company as his own and using them for personal use was wrong. He said to Irving, "you can't do that while I'm still president" to which Irving responded by saying "Goodbye". Three days after the show, Jack announced to the public that he was resigning from the company.<ref name="commvex"/>

Whilst acknowledging this description of events, David Pleasance (the eventual [[managing director]] of Commodore UK) also states that Gould told him the falling out was due to Tramiel's insistence on his three sons joining the board.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Pleasance |first1=David |title=Commodore: The Inside Story |publisher=Downtime Publishing |isbn=9781782817819 |page=103}}</ref>

In a 1986 interview with Dr. Achim Becker for the German newspaper DATA WELT, when asked the question "Why did you leave Commodore? Is there a simple answer to this question?" Jack Tramiel said:<ref>{{Cite web |last=DrWatson |date=2023-10-05 |title=Jack Tramiel interview for Data Welt (English) |url=https://www.neperos.com/article/s21kb5199e3ce80e |website=Neperos.com |language=en-US}}</ref><blockquote>If you ask the people who have worked with me, they will tell you that I have changed virtually nothing in the last 25 years. I've always been one of them. Just because we were a billion-dollar company, we didn't have to throw money out the window like a billion-dollar company. Because, if you spend more, you have to raise prices. The man I worked for disagreed. When business was better, he wanted to spend more. That's one of the points where we disagreed. We also disagreed on the issue of financing. I felt that the moment our stock was trading high, we should have issued new stock; especially since we had never had an increase since we went public in 1962. With the $120 million we would have earned from 2 million new shares, we could have paid all our debts to the banks and strengthened the company's position. It would have allowed us to weather any storm without relying on the banks. The man I worked for thought this would dilute his share in the company and lose influence in the process - that was absolutely wrong. Those were the main reasons. In short, our philosophies were different. It got to the point where I said to him: Either I can run the company the way I think it should be run or I have to leave. I was told very kindly: If you don't want to do it the way I do, then leave. And I left.</blockquote>

In an interview with [[Fortune (magazine)|''Fortune'' magazine]] on April 13, 1998, Tramiel said "Business is war, I don't believe in compromising, I believe in winning.".<ref name=mvpr>{{Citation |access-date=March 23, 2016 |date=April 13, 1998 |publication-date=April 29, 2009 |title=movieprop.com's atari video game pages |url=https://www.movieprop.com/videogames/atari/people.htm |quote="Business is war, I don't believe in compromising I believe in winning" |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160319033900/http://movieprop.com/videogames/atari/people.htm |archive-date=March 19, 2016 }}</ref>