Editing Jack Parsons (section)

=== Early life: 1914–1934 ===
Marvel Whiteside Parsons was born on October 2, 1914, at the [[Good Samaritan Hospital (Los Angeles)|Good Samaritan Hospital]] in Los Angeles.{{sfnm|1a1 = Carter|1y = 2004|1p = 1|2a1 = Pendle|2y = 2005|2p = 26}} His parents, Ruth Virginia Whiteside (''c.'' 1893–1952) and Marvel H. Parsons (''c.'' 1894–1947), had moved to California from Massachusetts the previous year, purchasing a house on Scarff Street in downtown Los Angeles. Their son was his father's namesake, but was known in the household as Jack.{{sfnm|1a1 = Pendle|1y = 2005|1p = 1|1pp = 21–25}} The marriage broke down soon after Jack's birth, when Ruth discovered that her husband was sexually involved with a prostitute. Ruth filed for divorce in March 1915. Jack's father returned to Massachusetts after being exposed as an adulterer, with Ruth forbidding him from having any contact with his infant son.{{sfnm|1a1 = Carter|1y = 2004|1pp = 1–2|2a1 = Pendle|2y = 2005|2pp = 26–27}} Marvel Parsons later joined the U.S. Armed Forces, reaching the rank of major, and married a woman with whom he had a son, Charles, a half-brother Jack only met once.{{sfn|Pendle|2005|pp = 103–105i}} Although she retained her ex-husband's surname, Ruth started calling her son John, but many friends throughout his life knew him as Jack.{{sfn|Carter|2004|p = 2}}

Ruth's parents—Walter and Carrie Whiteside—moved to California to be with Jack and their daughter, purchasing an upscale house on Orange Grove Boulevard in Pasadena—known locally as "Millionaire's Mile"—where they could live together.{{sfnm|1a1 = Carter|1y = 2004|1pp = 2–3|2a1 = Pendle|2y = 2005|2p = 28}} Jack was surrounded by domestic servants.{{sfn|Pendle|2005|pp = 33–40}} Having few friends, he lived a solitary childhood and spent much time reading; he took a particular interest in works of mythology, [[Arthurian legend]], and the ''[[One Thousand and One Nights|Arabian Nights]]''.{{sfn|Pendle|2005|pp = 33–40}} Through the works of [[Jules Verne]] he became interested in [[science fiction]] and a keen reader of [[pulp magazine]]s like ''[[Amazing Stories]]'', which led to his early interest in [[rocket]]ry.{{sfn|Pendle|2005|pp = 33–40}}{{sfn|Pendle|2005|pp = 42–43}}

At age 12, Parsons began attending Washington Junior High School, where he performed poorly—which biographer [[George Pendle]] attributed to undiagnosed [[dyslexia]]—and was bullied for his upper-class status and perceived effeminacy.{{sfnm|1a1 = Carter|1y = 2004|1pp = 4–5|2a1 = Pendle|2y = 2005|2pp = 44–47}} Although unpopular, he formed a strong friendship with [[Edward Forman]], a boy from a poor working-class family who defended him from bullies and shared his interest in science fiction and rocketry. In 1928 the pair—adopting the Latin motto ''[[per aspera ad astra]]'' (''through hardship to the stars'')—began engaging in homemade [[gunpowder]]-based rocket experiments in the nearby [[Arroyo Seco (Los Angeles County)|Arroyo Seco]] canyon, as well as the Parsons family's back garden, which left it pockmarked with craters from explosive test failures. They incorporated commonly available fireworks such as [[cherry bomb]]s into their rockets, and Parsons suggested using glue as a binding agent to increase the rocket fuel's stability. This research became more complex when they began using materials such as [[aluminium foil]] to make the gunpowder easier to cast.{{sfnm|1a1 = Carter|1y = 2004|1pp = 4–5|2a1 = Pendle|2y = 2005|2pp = 44–47}}<ref name="spacesafety">{{cite web |last=Keane |first=Phillip |title=Jack Parsons and the Occult Roots of JPL |url=http://www.spacesafetymagazine.com/2013/08/02/jack-parsons-occult-roots-jpl/ |work=spacesafetymagazine.com |publisher=[[International Association for the Advancement of Space Safety]] |date=August 2, 2013 |access-date=March 6, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Eng |first=Christina |title=It took a rocket scientist / Research pioneer also delved into the occult |url=https://www.sfgate.com/books/article/It-took-a-rocket-scientist-Research-pioneer-2697472.php |website=sfgate.com |publisher=[[Hearst Corporation]] |access-date=May 12, 2014 |date=February 20, 2005}}</ref> Parsons had also begun to investigate [[occultism]], and performed a ritual intended to invoke the Devil into his bedroom; he worried that the invocation was successful and was frightened into ceasing these activities.{{sfnm|1a1 = Carter|1y = 2004|1p = 4|2a1 = Pendle|2y = 2005|2p = 46}} In 1929, he began attending [[John Muir High School]], where he maintained an insular friendship with Forman and was a keen participant in [[fencing]] and [[archery]]. After he received poor school results, Parsons's mother sent him away to study at the Brown Military Academy for Boys, a private boarding school in [[San Diego]], but he was expelled for blowing up the toilets.{{sfn|Pendle|2005|pp = 47, 182}}

The Parsons family spent mid-1929 touring Europe before returning to Pasadena, where they moved into a house on San Rafael Avenue. With the onset of the [[Great Depression]] their fortune began to dwindle, and in July 1931 Jack's grandfather Walter died.{{sfnm|1a1 = Carter|1y = 2004|1p = 5|2a1 = Pendle|2y = 2005|2pp = 56–57}} Parsons began studying at the privately run University School, a liberal institution that took an unconventional approach to teaching. He flourished academically, becoming editor of the school newspaper, ''El Universitano'', and winning an award for literary excellence; teachers who had trained at the nearby [[California Institute of Technology]] (Caltech) guided his attention to the study of chemistry.{{sfnm|1a1 = Carter|1y = 2004|1p = 6|2a1 = Pendle|2y = 2005|2pp = 57–59}} With the family's financial difficulties deepening, Parsons began working on weekends and school holidays at the [[Hercules Powder Company]], where he learned more about explosives and their potential use in rocket propulsion.{{sfnm|1a1 = Carter|1y = 2004|1p = 6|2a1 = Pendle|2y = 2005|2pp = 59–60}} He and Forman continued to independently explore the subject in their spare time, building and testing different rockets, sometimes with materials that Parsons had stolen from work. Parsons soon constructed a solid-fuel [[rocket engine]].

Parsons graduated from University School in 1933, and moved with his mother and grandmother to a more modest house on St. John Avenue, where he continued to pursue his interests in literature and poetry.{{sfnm|1a1 = Carter|1y = 2004|1p = 7|2a1 = Pendle|2y = 2005|2p = 61}} He enrolled in [[Pasadena Junior College]] with the hope of earning an [[associate degree]] in physics and chemistry, but dropped out after one term because of his financial situation and took up permanent employment at the Hercules Powder Company.{{sfnm|1a1 = Carter|1y = 2004|1p = 6|2a1 = Pendle|2y = 2005|2p = 61}} His employers then sent him to work at their manufacturing plant in [[Hercules, California]] on the [[San Francisco Bay]], where he earned a relatively high monthly wage of $100; he was plagued by headaches caused by exposure to [[nitroglycerin]]. He saved money in hopes of continuing his academic studies and began a degree in chemistry at [[Stanford University]], but found the tuition unaffordable and returned to Pasadena.{{sfn|Pendle|2005|pp = 62–64}}