Editing Jaén, Spain (section)

==History==
{{See also|Timeline of Jaén, Spain}}
[[File:Jaén - Muralla calcolítica.jpg|thumb|left|Remains of the [[Chalcolithic]] walls in Marroquíes Bajos]]
The area was populated since ancient times, with remains of city walls in the {{ill|Marroquíes Bajos|es}} site in the north of the city reportedly dating back in time to the [[Chalcolithic]], roughly four millennia ago.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://elpais.com/diario/2009/11/13/andalucia/1258068144_850215.html|website=[[El País]]|date=13 November 2009|title=Hallada en Jaén una muralla calcolítica de 4.000 años|last1=Donaire|first1=Ginés}}</ref>

Known by Roman sources as ''Aurgi'' ({{Smallcaps|avrgi}}), similar names such as {{Smallcaps|avringi}}, {{Smallcaps|oringi}}, are also identified as referring to the same place.{{Sfn|Pestaña Parras|2011|p=4}} The city was seized by [[Scipio Africanus]] away from [[Ancient Carthage|Carthage]] by 207 BC, in the context of the [[Second Punic War]].{{Sfn|Pestaña Parras|2011|p=1}} Following the Roman conquest, as former allies of the Punics, the city had the status of {{lang|la|[[civitas stipendaria]]}} (required to pay tribute and under military rule), probably enduring harsh conditions in this period.{{Sfn|Pestaña Parras|2011|p=7}} During the [[Roman Empire]], in the time of the [[Flavian dynasty]], ''Aurgi'' became a ''[[municipium]]'',{{Sfn|Pestaña Parras|2011|p=1}} {{Smallcaps|avrgi mvnicipivm flavivm}}.{{Sfn|Pestaña Parras|2011|p=9}}

Following the [[Umayyad conquest of Hispania|Umayyad conquest of the Iberian Peninsula]], the name of ''Ŷaīyyān'' (of unclear origin) was mentioned in Hispano-Arab sources already in the 8th century.{{Sfn|Vallvé Bermejo|1969|p=55}} Close to [[Córdoba, Spain|Córdoba]], the city became the head of an important {{ill|kura (demarcation)|es|Cora (división territorial)|lt=''kūra''}} in the emiral/caliphal period of [[Al-Andalus]], extending across a territory with some similarities to the [[Province of Jaén (Spain)|current province]].{{Sfn|Gutiérrez Pérez|2019|pp=35–36}} During the turbulent 11th century, in the context of the [[Fitna of al-Andalus]], the wider ''kūra'' was territory in dispute between the most powerful neighbouring taifas, such as Córdoba, Granada or Toledo, splitting up its territory.{{Sfn|Martos Quesada|2013|p=89}} Jaén was conquered by [[Habbus al-Muzaffar]], leader of the [[Zirid dynasty|Zirid]] [[Taifa of Granada]].{{Sfn|Espinar Moreno|2000|pp=60; 160}} Decades after the final demise of the caliphate of Córdoba, Jaén was conquered by the [[Almoravid]]s in 1091.{{Sfn|Vidal Castro|2003|p=77}}

Taken in 1159 by [[Abu ʿAbd Allāh Muḥammad ibn Saʿd ibn Mardanīš|Ibn Mardanīš]] (the ''Rey Lobo'', ruler of Valencia opposed to the spread of the [[Almohad Empire]]), his collaborator (and father-in-law) [[Ibn Hamušk]] surrendered and yielded Jaén to the almohads in 1169.{{Sfn|Vidal Castro|2009–2011|p=65}}
[[File:Alhamar, rey de Granada, rinde vasallaje al rey de Castilla, Fernando III el Santo (Museo del Prado).jpg|thumb|right|19th century historicist painting illustrating the surrendering of Jaén by [[Muhammad I of Granada|Muhammad I]] to [[Ferdinand III of Castile|Ferdinand III]] in 1246.]]
In 1225, [[Ferdinand III of Castile]] [[Siege of Jaén (1225)|unsuccessfully laid siege to the city]] (defended by strong walls built during the Almoravid period) with help from {{ill|Al-Bayyasi|es}}, ruler of the [[Taifa of Baeza]], that had just become a vassal state of the [[Kingdom of Castile]].{{Sfn|Eslava Galán|1987|pp=25–26}} [[Siege of Jaén (1230)|The city was besieged again in 1230]] by Ferdinand,{{Sfn|Eslava Galán|1987|p=13}} who lifted the siege after the news of the death of his father, [[Alfonso IX of León]]. Depleted from its defences and surrounding fields, the city was surrendered by [[Muhammad I of Granada]] to Ferdinand III on 28 February 1246.<ref>{{Harvnb|Eslava Galán|1987|pp=13–14}}; {{Harvnb|Alcázar Hernández|2003|p=257}}</ref> Also in 1246, the city was granted a ''[[fuero]]'' (charter) similar to that of [[Toledo, Spain|Toledo]], becoming in turn the model for the fueros granted to [[Jódar]] (1272), [[Arjona, Spain|Arjona]] (1284), [[Alcalá la Real]] (1341) and [[Priego de Córdoba|Priego]] (1341).{{Sfn|Chamocho Cantudo|2017|pp=16–17}} Following the conquest, by 1248–49, the [[Diocese of Baeza]] was moved to Jaén.{{Sfn|Alcázar Hernández|2003|p=266}}

For the rest of the Middle Ages, the ''concejo'' or {{ill|Comunidad de Villa y Tierra|es|lt=''comunidad de villa y tierra''}} of Jaén controlled a land that ranged from 1000 to 1600&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup>, roughly delimited by the [[Guadalquivir]] to the North, the Arroyovil to the East, the Arroyo Salado de los Villares to the West, and the Sierra Sur de Jaén and [[Sierra Mágina]] mountain ranges to the South.{{Sfn|Alcázar Hernández|2003|p=256}} Despite nominally featuring as the head of the [[Kingdom of Jaén]] since the conquest, the importance of Jaén within the demarcation was balanced by those of the cities of Baeza and [[Úbeda]].{{Sfn|Collantes de Terán Sánchez|2004|p=70}} It only began to stand out in relation to its growing strategic importance closer to the border with the [[Kingdom of Granada]], consolidating its military and administrative functions.{{Sfn|Collantes de Terán Sánchez|2004|p=70}} Unlike those cities, that developed an important textile craftmanship activity, Jaén's economic activity remained nonetheless largely agricultural well entered the Early Modern period.{{Sfn|Collantes de Terán Sánchez|2004|p=71}}

[[File:Vista de Jaén, Anton Vanden Wyngaerde, 1567.jpg|thumb|upright=3.5|center|View of Jaén by [[Anton van den Wyngaerde]] (1567)]]