Editing J. B. S. Haldane (section)

=== Early life and education ===

Haldane was born in [[Oxford]] in 1892. His father was the [[Scotland|Scottish]] [[physiology|physiologist]], scientist, [[philosopher]], and [[Liberal Party (UK)|Liberal]], [[John Scott Haldane]], who was the grandson of evangelist [[James Alexander Haldane]].<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6dboDwAAQBAJ&dq=John+Burdon+Sanderson+Haldane+grandfather+James+Alexander+Haldane&pg=PP10|title=Haldane: The Forgotten Statesman Who Shaped Britain and Canada|author= Campbell, John|date=16 July 2020|publisher=McGill-Queen's Press – MQUP|isbn=978-0-2280-0233-8}}</ref> His mother Louisa Kathleen Trotter, was a [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative]] of Scottish ancestry. His only sibling, [[Naomi Mitchison]], became a prominent Scottish writer.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last1=Fantes|first1=Peter|last2=Mitchison|first2=Sally|date=2019|title=J. Murdoch Mitchison. 11 June 1922—17 March 2011|journal=Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society|language=en|volume=67|pages=279–306|doi=10.1098/rsbm.2019.0006|doi-access=free}}</ref> His uncle was [[Richard Haldane, 1st Viscount Haldane|Viscount Haldane]] and his aunt was the author [[Elizabeth Haldane]]. Descended from an aristocratic and [[secular]] family of the [[Clan Haldane]],<ref name="acott">{{cite journal |last = Acott |first = C. |title = JS Haldane, JBS Haldane, L Hill, and A Siebe: A brief resumé of their lives. |journal = South Pacific Underwater Medicine Society Journal |volume = 29 |issue = 3 |year = 1999 |issn = 0813-1988 |oclc = 16986801 |url=http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/6016 |access-date = 12 July 2008 |url-status = usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110727224432/http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/6016 |archive-date = 27 July 2011 |df = dmy-all }}</ref> he later claimed that his [[Y chromosome]] could be traced back to [[Robert the Bruce]].<ref name=hedrick>{{cite journal |last = Hedrick |first = Larry |title = J.B.S. Haldane: A Legacy in Several Worlds |journal = The World & I Online |year = 1989 |url=http://www.worldandischool.com/public/1989/december/school-resource15482.asp |url-status = dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222141231/http://www.worldandischool.com/public/1989/december/school-resource15482.asp |archive-date = 22 February 2014 |df = dmy-all |access-date = 17 February 2014 }}</ref>

Haldane grew up at 11 Crick Road, North Oxford.<ref>{{cite web |title = J. S. Haldane (1860–1936) |url=http://oxonblueplaques.org.uk/plaques/haldane.html |publisher = Oxfordshire Blue Plaques Board |access-date = 17 February 2014 |df = dmy-all }}</ref> He learnt to read at the age of three, and at four, after injuring his forehead, he asked the physician treating him about the bleeding, "Is this [[oxyhaemoglobin]] or [[carboxyhaemoglobin]]?" He was raised as an [[Anglicanism|Anglican Christian]].<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J3h4DQAAQBAJ&q=anglican|title=Popularizing Science: The Life and Work of JSB Haldane|author= Dronamraju, Krishna R.|year=2017|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-933392-9}}</ref> From age eight he worked with his father in their home laboratory where he experienced his first [[self-experimentation]], the method he would later be famous for. He and his father became their own "human guinea pigs", such as in their investigation on the effects of poison gases. In 1899, his family moved to "Cherwell", a late Victorian house at the outskirts of Oxford with its own private laboratory.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ox.ac.uk/world-war-1/people/john-scott-haldane |title=John Scott Haldane |access-date=15 April 2021 |archive-date=15 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210415115930/https://www.ox.ac.uk/world-war-1/people/john-scott-haldane |url-status=dead }}</ref> At age 8, in 1901, his father brought him to the [[Oxford University Junior Scientific Club]] to listen to a lecture on [[Mendelian genetics]], which had been recently rediscovered.<ref name=":9" /> Although he found the lecture given by [[Arthur Dukinfield Darbishire]], Demonstrator of Zoology at [[Balliol College, Oxford]], "interesting but difficult",<ref name="dronamjaru1992" /> it influenced him permanently such that genetics became the field in which he made his most important scientific contributions.<ref name=":3" />

His formal education began in 1897 at Oxford Preparatory School (now [[Dragon School]]), where he gained a First Scholarship in 1904 to [[Eton College]]. In 1905 he joined Eton, where he experienced severe abuse from senior students for allegedly being arrogant, but was befriended by [[Julian Huxley]].<ref>Calder, Jenni (2019), ''The Burning Glass: The Life of Naomi Mitchison'', Sandstone Press Ltd., [[Dingwall]], p. 27, {{isbn|9781912240661}}</ref> The indifference of authority left him with a lasting hatred for the English education system. However, the ordeal did not stop him from becoming captain of the school.<ref name=":4" />

He participated for the first time in scientific research as a volunteer subject for his father in 1906. John was the first to study the effects of [[Decompression sickness|decompression]] (relief from high pressure) in humans.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Devanney|first=Richard|date=7 September 2016|title=Decompression Theory – Part 2|url=https://www.tdisdi.com/tdi-diver-news/decompression-theory-part-2/|access-date=7 August 2021|website=www.tdisdi.com|language=en-US}}</ref> He investigated the physiological condition called "[[Decompression sickness |bends]]", such as when goats lift and bend their legs if discomforted, that also may affect deep-sea divers.<ref name =JoH/> In July 1906, on board ''[[HMS Spanker (1889)|HMS Spanker]]'' off the west coast of Scotland, [[Rothesay]], young Haldane jumped into the Atlantic Ocean with the experimental diving suit. The study was published in a 101-paged article in ''[[The Journal of Hygiene]]'' in 1908; where Haldane was described as "Jack Haldane (age 13)" for whom it "was the first time [he] had ever dived in a diving dress".<ref name =JoH>{{Cite journal|last1=Boycott|first1=A. E.|last2=Damant|first2=G. C.|last3=Haldane|first3=J. S.|date=1908|title=The Prevention of Compressed-air Illness|journal=The Journal of Hygiene|volume=8|issue=3|pages=342–443|doi=10.1017/s0022172400003399|pmc=2167126|pmid=20474365}}</ref>{{rp|436}} The research became a foundation for a scientific theory called [[Haldane's decompression model]].<ref>{{Citation|last1=Jones|first1=Mark W.|title=Hyperbaric Physics|date=2021|url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK448104/|work=StatPearls|place=Treasure Island (FL)|publisher=StatPearls Publishing|pmid=28846268|access-date=7 August 2021|last2=Brett|first2=Kaighley|last3=Han|first3=Nathaniel|last4=Wyatt|first4=H. Alan}}</ref>

He studied mathematics and [[classics]] at [[New College, Oxford]], and obtained first-class honours in mathematical [[Moderations]] in 1912. He became engrossed in genetics and presented a paper on gene linkage in [[vertebrate]]s in the summer of 1912. His first technical paper, a 30-page long article on haemoglobin function, was published that same year, as a co-author alongside his father.<ref name="haldane1912">{{cite journal|last=Douglas|first=C. G.|author2=Haldane, J. S.|author3=Haldane, J. B. S.|year=1912|title=The laws of combination of haemoglobin with carbon monoxide and oxygen|journal=The Journal of Physiology|volume=44|issue=4|pages=275–304|doi=10.1113/jphysiol.1912.sp001517|pmc=1512793|pmid=16993128}}</ref> His mathematical treatment of the study was published in December 1913 in the ''Proceedings of the Physiological Society''.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Haldane|first=J. B. S.|date=1913|title=The dissociation of oxyhemoglobin in human blood during partial CO poisoning (Proceedings of the Physiological Society: October 19, 1912)|journal=The Journal of Physiology|language=en|volume=45|issue=suppl|pages=xxii–xxiv|doi=10.1113/jphysiol.1913.sp001573|doi-access=free}}</ref>

Haldane did not want his education to be confined to a specific subject; he took up [[Greats]] (classics) and graduated with first-class honours in 1914. While he had full intention of studying physiology, his plan was, as he described later, referring to World War I, "somewhat overshadowed by other events".<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=Monk |first=Ray |date=20 November 2020 |title=JBS Haldane: the man who knew almost everything |url=https://www.newstatesman.com/culture/books/2020/11/jbs-haldane-man-who-knew-almost-everything |url-access=subscription |access-date=7 August 2021 |website=New Statesman |language=en}}</ref> His only formal education in biology was an incomplete course in vertebrate anatomy.<ref name=":5" />