Editing Iva Toguri D'Aquino (section)

==''The Zero Hour''==
[[File:Iva Ikuko Toguri D'Aquino 01.jpg|left|thumb|upright|Toguri in December 1944 at [[Radio Tokyo]]]]

Toguri was pressured to renounce her [[United States citizenship]] by the [[List of Japanese government and military commanders of World War II|Japanese central government]] with the beginning of American involvement in the [[Pacific War]], like other Americans in Japanese territory.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Andrews |first1=Evan |title=How 'Tokyo Rose' Became WWII's Most Notorious Propagandist |url=https://www.history.com/news/how-tokyo-rose-became-wwiis-most-notorious-propagandist |website=history.com |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200822035343/https://www.history.com/news/how-tokyo-rose-became-wwiis-most-notorious-propagandist |archive-date=August 22, 2020 |date=November 26, 2019 |access-date=August 22, 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref> She refused to do so, and was subsequently declared an enemy alien and was refused a [[ration card|war ration card]].<ref name="A&E">{{cite AV media|people= Haffner, Craig; Lusitana, Donne E.; Paddor, Scott; Coughlin, Brian|year= 1995|series= Biography|title= Tokyo Rose: Victim of Propaganda|format= streaming and DVD|location= Hollywood|publisher= Greystone Communications, for A&E Home Video|id= A&E Cat. No. AAE-14023, TV-14 (duration, 43:20)|asin= B000FKP1T0|url= http://www.biography.com/people/tokyo-rose-37481/videos/tokyo-rose-full-episode-2074900007|access-date= November 2, 2015|archive-date= January 5, 2017|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170105055814/http://www.biography.com/people/tokyo-rose-37481/videos/tokyo-rose-full-episode-2074900007|url-status= dead}}{{full citation needed|date=November 2015}}</ref><ref name=goldstein/> To support herself, she found work as a typist at a Japanese [[news agency]] and eventually worked in a similar capacity for [[Radio Tokyo]].<ref name="Duus-1979"/>{{RP|63–64}}

In November 1943, Allied [[Prisoner of war|prisoners of war]] were forced to broadcast [[Japanese propaganda|propaganda]], and she was selected to host portions of the one-hour [[radio show]] ''[[The Zero Hour (World War II)|The Zero Hour]]''.<ref name="Duus-1979"/>{{RP|79}} Her producer was [[Australian Army]] Major [[Charles Cousens]], who had pre-war broadcast experience and had been captured at the [[Battle of Singapore|Fall of Singapore]].<ref name="Duus-1979"/>{{RP|71}} Cousens had been coerced to work on radio broadcasts,<ref name="A&E"/><ref name="Close 2010">{{Cite book| last = Close | first = Frederick P. | title = Tokyo Rose / An American Patriot: A Dual Biography | url=https://archive.org/details/tokyoroseanameri0000clos/page/97| publication-place=Lanham, Maryland |publisher = [[Scarecrow Press]] | year = 2010 | page = 97 | isbn = 978-0810867772 | ol=23631573M }}</ref> and worked with assistants [[United States Army|U.S. Army]] Captain Wallace Ince and [[Philippine Army]] Lieutenant Normando Ildefonso "Norman" Reyes.<ref name="Duus-1979"/>{{RP|74}} Toguri had previously risked her life smuggling food into the nearby prisoner of war camp where Cousens and Ince were held, gaining the inmates' trust.<ref name="A&E"/><ref name="Duus-1979"/>{{RP|70}} Toguri refused to broadcast [[Anti-Americanism|anti-American]] propaganda, but she was assured by Major Cousens and Captain Ince that they would not write scripts having her say anything against the United States.<ref name="A&E"/>{{page needed|date=November 2015}} True to their word, no such propaganda was found in her broadcasts.<ref name="A&E"/>{{page needed|date=November 2015}} After she went on air in November 1943, she and Cousens tried to make a farce of the broadcasts. Japanese propaganda officials had little feel for their nuance and double entendres.<ref name=bernstein/>

[[File:Tokyo Rose, Tokyo Japan 09-20-1945.ogg|thumb|Film of Iva Toguri D'Aquino and an unidentified announcer recreating propaganda broadcasts]]

Toguri performed in comedy sketches and introduced recorded music, but never participated in any newscasts, with on-air speaking time of generally about 2–3 minutes.<ref name="Duus-1979"/>{{RP|82}} She earned only 150 [[yen]] per month, or about $7, but she used some of her earnings to feed POWs, smuggling food in as she did before.<ref name="corky">{{Cite news |title=STILL NOT TOKYO ROSE. Long free at 90, she's imprisoned by a myth |url=https://www.nydailynews.com/2006/07/04/still-not-tokyo-rose-long-free-at-90-shes-imprisoned-by-a-myth/ |last=Siemaszko |first=Corky |date=July 4, 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240119131553/https://www.nydailynews.com/2006/07/04/still-not-tokyo-rose-long-free-at-90-shes-imprisoned-by-a-myth/ |archive-date=January 19, 2024 |access-date=January 19, 2024 |url-status=live |work=[[Daily News (New York)|Daily News]]|location=New York}}</ref><ref name="Duus-1979"/>{{RP|89}} She aimed most of her comments toward her fellow Americans ("my fellow orphans"), using American slang and playing American music. At no time did Toguri call herself "[[Tokyo Rose]]" during the war, and there was no evidence that any other broadcaster had done so.<ref name="Duus-1979"/>{{RP|13}} The name was a catch-all used by Allied forces for all of the women who were heard on Japanese propaganda radio<ref name="Duus-1979"/>{{RP|10}} and was in general use by the summer of 1943, months prior to Toguri's debut as a broadcast host.<ref name="Duus-1979"/>{{RP|9}} Toguri hosted about 340 broadcasts of ''The Zero Hour''<ref name="A&E"/><ref>{{Cite book| last = Okihiro | first = Gary Y. | title = Encyclopedia of Japanese American Internment | publisher = Greenwood | year = 2013 | page = 27| isbn = 978-0313399152|author-link=Gary Okihiro}}</ref> under the [[stage name]]s "Ann" (for "Announcer") and later "Orphan Annie",<ref name="A&E"/><ref name="Duus-1979"/>{{RP|82}} in reference to the [[comic strip]] character [[Little Orphan Annie]].<ref name=goldstein/>

In April 1945, Toguri married Felipe D'Aquino, a Portuguese citizen of part-Japanese descent she had met at the radio station, and became Iva Toguri D'Aquino.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Yoo|first1=David|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CreUWo-obWUC&q=felipe+d%27aquino+April+19+1945&pg=PA217|title=Growing Up Nisei: Race, Generation, and Culture Among Japanese Americans of California, 1924–49|last2=Yoo|first2=Professor of Asian American Studies and Director of the Asian American Studies Center David K.|date=2000|publisher=University of Illinois Press|isbn=978-0-252-06822-5|language=en}}</ref>