Editing Ithaca (island) (section)

==History==
The island has been inhabited since the 4th millennium BC. It may have been the capital of [[Cephalonia]] during the [[Mycenae]]an period and the capital-state of the small kingdom ruled by [[Odysseus]]. The [[Roman Empire|Romans]] occupied the island in the 2nd century BC, and later it became part of the [[Byzantine Empire]]. The [[Normans]] ruled Ithaca in the 13th century, and after a short [[Turkish people|Turkish]] rule it fell into [[Republic of Venice|Venetian]] hands ([[Ionian Islands under Venetian rule]]).

Ithaca was subsequently occupied by [[French First Republic|France]] under the 1797 [[Treaty of Campo Formio]]. It was liberated by a joint [[Russian Empire|Russo]]-[[Ottoman Empire|Turkish]] force commanded by admirals [[Fyodor Ushakov]] and Kadir Bey in 1798 and subsequently became a part of the [[Septinsular Republic]], which was originally established as a [[protectorate]] of the [[Russian Empire]] and [[Ottoman Empire]]. It became a French possession again in 1807, until it was taken over by the [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|United Kingdom]] in 1809. Under the 1815 [[Treaty of Paris (1815)|Treaty of Paris]], Ithaca became a state of the [[United States of the Ionian Islands]], a protectorate of the British Empire. In 1830, the local community requested to join with the rest of the newly restored nation-state of [[Kingdom of Greece|Greece]]. Under the 1864 [[Treaty of London, 1864|Treaty of London]], Ithaca, along with the remaining six Ionian islands, was ceded to Greece as a gesture of diplomatic friendship to Greece's new Anglophile king, [[George I of Greece|George I]]. The United Kingdom kept its privileged use of the harbour at [[Corfu]].<ref name="IonianIslands">{{cite EB1911 |first=James David |last=Bourchier |wstitle=Ionian Islands#History |display=Ionian Islands § History |volume=14 |page=729}}</ref>

===First settlers===
[[File:Olivetree 1500yrs.jpg|thumb|left|Olive tree of Ithaca that is claimed to be at least 1500 years old.]]

The origins of the first people to inhabit the island, which occurred during the last years of the [[Neolithic period]] (4000–3000 BC), are not clear. The traces of buildings, walls and a road from this time period prove that life existed and continued to do so during the [[Helladic chronology|Early Helladic era]] (3000–2000 BC). In the years (2000–1500 BC), some of the population migrated to part of the island. The buildings and walls that were excavated showed the lifestyle of this period had remained primitive.

===Mycenaean era===
{{Further|Mycenaean Greece}}
[[File:Kefallonia IthakiWW.jpg|thumb|right|Ithaca is to the upper right of the larger [[Kefalonia]] island in this picture. The small island in the top-right corner is the uninhabited [[Atokos]] island ([[NASA]] World Wind satellite picture).]]

During the [[Mycenaean period]] (1600–1100 BC), Ithaca rose to the highest level of its ancient history.<ref name="EncBritt">{{cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Ithaca-island-Greece|title=Ithaca|date=16 July 2010|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica|access-date=25 January 2017}}</ref> Mostly based on the ''[[Odyssey]]'' and oral traditions, it is believed that the island became the capital of the Ionian Kingdom-State, which included the surrounding lands, and was referred to as one of the most powerful states of that time. The Ithacans were characterized as great navigators and explorers with daring expeditions reaching further than the [[Mediterranean Sea]].

The epic poems of [[Homer]], the ''[[Iliad]]'' and the ''Odyssey'', shed some light on [[Bronze Age|Bronze-Age]] Ithaca. Those poems are generally thought to have been composed sometime in the 9th or 8th centuries BC, but may have made use of older mythological and poetic traditions; their depiction of the hero [[Odysseus]] and his rule over Ithaca and the surrounding islands and mainland preserves some memories of the political geography, customs, and society of the time.

After the end of the Mycenaean period Ithaca's influence diminished, and it came under the jurisdiction of the nearest large island.

===Hellenistic era===
{{Further|Hellenistic Greece}}

During the [[Ancient Greece|ancient Hellenic]] prime (800–180 BC), independent organized life continued in the northern and southern part of the island. In the southern part, in the area of Aetos, the town [[Alalcomenae (Ithaca)|Alalcomenae]] was founded. From this period, many objects of important historical value have been found during excavations. Among these objects are coins imprinted with the name Ithaca and the image of [[Odysseus]] which suggest that the island was self-governed.

=== Middle Ages ===
[[File:Coat_of_arms_of_the_house_of_Orsini_(2).svg|thumb|154x154px|Arms of the [[Orsini family]], rulers of Ithaca in the 13th-14th centuries]]
Across time, the island fell to various conquerors and experienced changed circumstances, meaning the population of the island kept changing through history. Although there is no definite numerical information until the [[Republic of Venice|Venetian]] period, it is believed that from the Mycenaean to the [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantine period]], the number of inhabitants was several thousand, who lived mainly in the northern part of Ithaca. During the [[Middle Ages]], the population decreased due to the continuous invasions of pirates, forcing the people to establish settlements and live in the mountains. 

[[File:Leonardo-di-tocco-duke-of-zakynthos-carlo-sellitto.jpg|thumb|[[Leonardo III Tocco]], count of Cephalonia, Ithaca and Zakynthos]]
The island, often referred to with the name 'Val di Compare', followed the fortunes of its bigger neighbor [[Cephalonia]] throughout the 12th and 13th centuries, when it formed part of the holdings of various Latin rulers. In 1185, when Cephalonia and [[Zakynthos]] were captured by [[Margaritus of Brindisi|Margaritone of Brindisi]], it is most likely that Ithaca was among the territory he conquered.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=Miller|first=William|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/889642379|title=Essays on the Latin Orient|date=2015|isbn=978-1-107-45553-5|pages=261–5|publisher=Cambridge University Press |language=en|oclc=889642379}}</ref> Later, Ithaca changed ownership together with Cephalonia, first to the [[Orsini family]] after Margaritone's death, and then to [[John, Duke of Durazzo|John of Gravina]], [[Principality of Achaea|prince of Achaia]], who conquered them from the Orsini in 1324.<ref name=":0" /> From 1333 until 1357 the islands were transferred to [[Robert, Prince of Taranto|Robert of Taranto]], who in 1357, bestowed them upon [[Leonardo I Tocco|Leonardo Tocco]], a Neapolitan courtier.<ref name=":0" /> While Ithaca had until now merely followed the fate of Cephalonia, it is under the Tocco that more specific mentions of Ithaca begin to appear in the record. In the 15th century, there was one family, the [[Galatis (family)|Galati]], with noble privileges and land interests on the island given by the [[Tocco family]].<ref name=":0" />

===Ottoman and Venetian eras===
{{Further|Ottoman Greece|Ionian Islands under Venetian rule}}

In 1479, Ottoman forces reached the islands and many of the people fled from the island out of fear of the new Turkish settlers.<ref name=":0" /> Those who remained hid in the mountains to avoid the pirates who controlled the channel between Cephalonia and Ithaca and the bays of the island. In the following five years, [[Ottoman Empire|the Turks]], [[Tocco family|Tocco]] and [[Republic of Venice|Venetians]] laid claim to the islands diplomatically. Possession of the islands was finally taken by the Ottoman Empire from 1484 to 1499. During this period, the Venetians had strengthened into a major power with an organized fleet. The Venetians pursued their interest in the Ionian Islands, and in 1499 a war between the Venetians and the Turks began. The allied fleets of the Venetians and the Spanish besieged Ithaca, and the other islands. The fleets prevailed, and from 1500 onwards the Venetians controlled the islands. According to a treaty of 1503, Ithaca, Cephalonia and Zakynthos would be [[Ionian Islands under Venetian rule|ruled by the Venetians]], and [[Lefkada]] by the Ottoman Empire. By then Ithaca was almost uninhabited, and the Venetians had to grant incentives to settlers from neighbouring islands and the mainland to repopulate it.<ref name="EncBritt" /> 1504, the Venetians ordered official the repopulation of Ithaca with tax incentives to attract settlers from neighbouring islands. The Venetian authorities found the island was already being repopulated by members of the [[Galatis (family)|Galatis]] family, who laid claim to it as their property, having received rights over Ithaca under the Tocco regime.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Zapanti|first=Stamatoula|date=1998|title=Η Ιθάκη στα πρώτα χρόνια τησ Βενετοκρατίας (1500-1571)|journal=Κεφαλληνιακά Χρονικά|volume=7|pages=129–133}}</ref> However, according to historians, the island received a great population revival in the period before and after the [[Siege of Candia|fall of Candia]] when numerous people from Crete arrived there as well as the noble Karavia family (Latin: Caravia), a branch of the ancient byzantine [[Kallergis family|Kallergi family]]. This family and its followers inhabited settlements on the island, received fiefs from the [[Venetian Senate]] and indulged in a tremendously profitable maritime trade as well as piracy against the [[Ottoman Turks|Ottomans]]. According to the French traveler [[William Leake|Leake]] during the 18th century the families of Karavias, Petalas and the Dendrinos constituted the three main factions of the island, with the Karavias controlling its most productive part. During the next centuries the island remained under Venetian control.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Leake |first=William Martin |title=Travels in northern Greece |volume=3 |url=https://archive.org/details/gri_000033125008698322  |publisher=J. Rodwell |date=1835 |publication-place=London |pages=[https://archive.org/details/gri_000033125008698322/page/28 28–29]}}</ref> 

===French era===
[[File:Port Bathy and Capital of Ithaca.jpg|thumb|left|Ithaca by [[Edward Dodwell]] (1821).]]

A few years after the [[French Revolution]], the Ionian area came under the rule of the [[First French Republic]] (1797–1798), and the island became the honorary capital of the [[French departments of Greece|French ''département'']] of [[Ithaque]], comprising Cephalonia, Lefkada, and part of the mainland (the prefecture was at [[Argostoli]] on Kefalonia).

[[File:Flag of the Septinsular Republic.svg|thumb|Flag of the [[Septinsular Republic]]]]
The population welcomed the French, who took care in the control of the administrative and judicial systems, but later the heavy taxation they demanded caused a feeling of indignation among the people. During this short historical period, the new ideas of system and social structure greatly influenced the inhabitants of the island. At the end of 1798, the French were succeeded by [[Russian Empire|Russia]] and Turkey (1798–1807), which were allies at that time. Corfu became the capital of the [[Septinsular Republic]], and the form of government was democratic, with a fourteen-member senate in which Ithaca had one representative.

The Ithacan fleet flourished when it was allowed to carry cargo up to the ports of the [[Black Sea]]. In 1807, according to the [[Treaties of Tilsit]] with Turkey, the Ionian Islands once again came under French rule (1807–1809 AD). The French quickly began preparing to face the British fleet, which had become very powerful, by building a fort in Vathy.

===British and modern eras===
[[File:Flag of the United States of the Ionian Islands.svg|thumb|left|Flag of the United States of the Ionian Islands (1815 to 1864).]]

In 1809 Great Britain mounted a blockade on the Ionian Islands as part of the [[Napoleonic_Wars#War_of_the_Fifth_Coalition,_1809|war against Napoleon]], and in September of that year they hoisted the British flag above the castle of Zakynthos. Cephalonia and Ithaca soon surrendered, and the British installed provisional governments. The [[Treaty of Paris (1815)]] recognised the [[United States of the Ionian Islands]] and decreed that it become a British protectorate. Colonel [[Charles Philippe de Bosset]] became provisional governor between 1810 and 1814.<ref>{{Cite web |last=British Museum |title=Col Charles Philippe de Bosset |url=https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/term/BIOG101741}}</ref>

A few years later [[Greek nationalism|Greek nationalist]] groups started to form. Although their energy in the early years was directed to supporting their fellow Greek revolutionaries in the [[Greek War of Independence|revolution against the Ottoman Empire]], they switched their focus to ''[[enosis]]'' with Greece following their independence. The [[Party of Radicals (Ionian Islands)|Party of Radicals]] (Greek: Κόμμα των Ριζοσπαστών) founded in 1848 as a pro-enosis political party. In September 1848, there were skirmishes with the [[British Army|British]] garrison in [[Argostoli]] and [[Lixouri]] on [[Kefalonia]], which led to a certain level relaxation in the enforcement of the protectorates laws, and [[freedom of the press]] as well. The island's populace did not hide their growing demands for enosis, and newspapers on the islands frequently published articles criticising British policies in the protectorate. On the 15th of August in 1849, another rebellion broke out, which was quashed by [[Henry George Ward]], who proceeded to temporarily impose [[martial law]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ionion.com/english/kefalonia/culture/history/british.htm |title=British Occupation |access-date=2020-12-19 |archive-date=2021-05-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210506125829/http://www.ionion.com/english/kefalonia/culture/history/british.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref>

During the British protectorate period prominent citizens of Ithaki participated in the secret "[[Philiki Etairia]]" which was instrumental in organizing the Greek Revolution of 1821 against Turkish rule, and Greek fighters found refuge there. In addition, the participation of Ithacans during the siege of [[Messolongi]] and the naval battles against Ottoman ships on the Black Sea and the [[Danube]] was significant.{{citation needed|date = April 2022}}

Ithaca was annexed to the [[Greek Kingdom]] with the rest of the Ionian islands in 1864.<ref name="IonianIslands" />