Editing Islamism (section)

===Definitions===
Islamism has been defined as:
* "the belief that Islam should guide social and political as well as personal life" ([[Sheri Berman]]);<ref name="Berman, S 2003, p. 258">{{cite journal |last=Berman |first=Sheri |title=Islamism, Revolution, and Civil Society |journal=Perspectives on Politics |volume=1 |issue=2 |year=2003 |page=258 |doi=10.1017/S1537592703000197|doi-broken-date=1 November 2024 |s2cid=145201910 }}</ref>
* the belief that Islam should influence political systems ([[Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary|Cambridge English Dictionary]]);<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://dictionary.cambridge.org/us/dictionary/english/islamism|title=Islamism |work=Cambridge English Dictionary}}</ref>
* "the [Islamic] ideology that guides society as a whole and that [teaches] law must be in conformity with the [[Islamic Shari'a|Islamic sharia]]", (W. E. Shepard);<ref name=shepard-1996-40>Shepard, W. E. ''Sayyid Qutb and Islamic Activism: A Translation and Critical Analysis of Social Justice in Islam''. Leiden, New York: E.J. Brill. (1996). p. 40</ref>
* a combination of two pre-existing trends 
** movements to revive the faith, weakened by "foreign influence, political opportunism, moral laxity, and the forgetting of sacred texts";<ref name=ORFPI1994:4>[[#ORFPI1994|Roy, ''Failure of Political Islam'', 1994]]: p. 4</ref>
** the more recent movement against imperialism/colonialism, morphed into a more simple anti-Westernism; formerly embraced by leftists and nationalists but whose supporters have turned to Islam.<ref name=ORFPI1994:4/>
* a form of "religionized politics" and an instance of [[religious fundamentalism]] that imagines an Islamic community claiming global hegemony for its values ([[Bassam Tibi]]);<ref>{{cite book|author=Bassam Tibi|author-link=Bassam Tibi|title=Islamism and Islam|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HyEyLXcIXgUC&pg=PA22|publisher=Yale University Press|year=2012|page=22|isbn=978-0300160147}}</ref>
* "political movement that favors reordering government and society in accordance with laws prescribed by Islam" ([[Associated Press]] stylebook);<ref name="BYERS-2013">{{cite news |last1=Byers |first1=Dylan |title=AP Stylebook revises 'Islamist' use |url=https://www.politico.com/blogs/media/2013/04/ap-stylebook-revises-islamist-use-160943 |access-date=6 February 2023 |agency=Politico |date=5 April 2013 |archive-date=3 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230603060733/https://www.politico.com/blogs/media/2013/04/ap-stylebook-revises-islamist-use-160943 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=cair-5-4-2013/>
* a political ideology which seeks to enforce Islamic precepts and norms as generally applicable rules for people's conduct; and whose adherents seek a state based on Islamic values and laws (sharia) and rejecting Western guiding principles, such as freedom of opinion, freedom of the press, artistic freedom and freedom of religion (Thomas Volk);<ref name="Volk-KAS-2015-1">{{cite journal |last1=Volk |first1=Thomas |title=Islam – Islamism Clarification for turbulent times |journal=Konrad Adenauer Stiftung FACTS & FINDINGS |date=February 2015 |issue=164 |page=1 |url=http://www.jstor.com/stable/resrep10078 |access-date=6 February 2023}}</ref>
* a broad set of political ideologies that use and draw inspiration from Islamic symbols and traditions in pursuit of a sociopolitical objective—also called "political Islam" ([[Encyclopædia Britannica|Britannica]]);<ref name="Zeidan-EB">{{cite web |last1=Zeidan |first1=Adam |title=Islamism |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Islamism |website=Encyclopædia Britannica |access-date=15 January 2023 |archive-date=5 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200605040447/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Islamism |url-status=live }}</ref>
* "[...] [has become shorthand for] 'Muslims we don't like.'" ([[Council on American–Islamic Relations]]—in complaint about AP's earlier definition of Islamist);<ref name=cair-5-4-2013>{{cite web|title=You are here: Home Press Center Press Releases CAIR Condemns Series of Terror Attacks in France, Tunisia and Kuwait CAIR Welcomes AP Stylebook Revision of 'Islamist'|url=https://www.cair.com/press-center/press-releases/11808-cair-welcomes-ap-stylebook-revision-of-islamist.html|website=Council on American-Islamic Relations (CAIR)|access-date=29 June 2015|date=5 April 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150907184257/https://www.cair.com/press-center/press-releases/11808-cair-welcomes-ap-stylebook-revision-of-islamist.html|archive-date=7 September 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> 
** In "Western popular discourse generally uses 'Islamism' when discussing the negative or 'that-which-is-bad' in Muslim communities. The signifier, 'Islam,' on the other hand, is reserved for the positive or neutral." (David Belt).<ref name="Belt-2009">{{cite journal |last1=Belt |first1=David |title=Islamism in Popular Western Discourse |journal=Policy Perspectives |date=July–December 2009 |volume=6 |issue=2 |pages=1–20 |jstor=42909235 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/42909235 |access-date=6 February 2023 |archive-date=6 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230206182535/https://www.jstor.org/stable/42909235 |url-status=live }}</ref>
* a movement so broad and flexible it reaches out to "everything to everyone" in Islam, making it "unsustainable" (Tarek Osman);<ref name=Osman.p111/>
** an alternative social provider to the poor masses;
** an angry platform for the disillusioned young;
** a loud trumpet-call announcing "a return to the pure religion" to those seeking an identity;
** a "progressive, moderate religious platform" for the affluent and liberal;
** "[...] and at the extremes, a violent vehicle for rejectionists and radicals.<ref name=Osman.p111>Osman, Tarek, ''Egypt on the brink'', 2010, p. 111</ref>
* an Islamic "movement that seeks cultural differentiation from the West and reconnection with the pre-colonial symbolic universe", ([[François Burgat]]);<ref name=Burgat-IMiNA-1997>Burgat, François, "The Islamic Movement in North Africa", U of Texas Press, 1997, pp. 39–41, 67–71, 309</ref>
* "the active assertion and promotion of beliefs, prescriptions, laws or policies that are held to be Islamic in character," ([[International Crisis Group]]);<ref name="ICG"/>
* a movement of "Muslims who draw upon the belief, symbols, and language of Islam to inspire, shape, and animate political activity;" which may contain moderate, tolerant, peaceful activists or those who "preach intolerance and espouse violence", ([[Robert Pelletreau|Robert H. Pelletreau]]);<ref>{{cite web |url=http://dosfan.lib.uic.edu/ERC/bureaus/nea/960508PelletreauMuslim.html |author=Robert H. Pelletreau, Jr. |title=Dealing with the Muslim Politics of the Middle East:Algeria, Hamas, Iran |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010091754/http://dosfan.lib.uic.edu/ERC/bureaus/nea/960508PelletreauMuslim.html |archive-date=10 October 2017 |work=Council on Foreign Relations |date=8 May 1996}}</ref>
* "All who seek to Islamize their environment, whether in relation to their lives in society, their family circumstances, or the workplace ...", ([[Olivier Roy (political scientist)|Olivier Roy]]).<ref name=cwdi-viii>{{cite book|last1=Roy|first1=Olivier|last2=Sfeir|first2=Antoine|title=The Columbia World Dictionary of Islamism|date=2007|publisher=Columbia University Press.|page=viii|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rNrMilgHKKEC&q=principles%20of%20%20islamism&pg=PR8|access-date=15 December 2015|isbn=978-0231146401}}</ref>