Editing Islamic dietary laws (section)

===Halal (permissible, lawful)===
Quranic verses that have information regarding halal foods include: [[Q2:173]], [[Q5:5]], and [[Q6:118]]–119, 121.

====Permissible meats and animals====

Livestock or cattle, i.e. grazing beasts, are lawful except those that are explicitly prohibited. Hunting is prohibited during "[[Hajj|the pilgrimage]]".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Surah Al-Ma'idah - 1 |url=https://quran.com/en/al-maidah/1 |access-date=2023-11-10 |website=Quran.com |language=en}}</ref>

This means that most [[herbivore]]s or cud-chewing animals like cattle, deer, sheep, goats, and antelope are considered halal to consume.<ref name=yeniakit>{{Cite web|last=Şentürk|first=Lütfi|title=Diyanet İşleri Başkanlığı İslam İlmihali: İslam'da hayvan hakları ve hayvanlara eziyetin cezası|url=https://www.yeniakit.com.tr/haber/islamda-hayvan-haklari-ve-hayvanlara-eziyetin-cezasi-125882.html|access-date=2021-10-29|website=www.yeniakit.com.tr|language=tr}}</ref>

Animals hunted by other animals (such as trained birds) are also permitted.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Surah Al-Ma'idah - 4 |url=https://quran.com/al-maidah/4 |access-date=2023-11-10 |website=Quran.com |language=en}}</ref>

====Permitted method of slaughter====
{{Main|Dhabīḥah}}
[[File:Huxi Mosque - Butcher Shop.jpg|thumb|Halal butcher shop in [[Shanghai]], China]]
In [[Sharia|Islamic law]], ''{{transliteration|ar|ALA-LC|dhabīḥah}}'' ({{langx|ar|ذَبِيحَة}}) is the prescribed method of slaughter for [[halal]] animals. It consists of a swift, deep incision to the throat with a very sharp knife, cutting the [[wind pipe]], [[jugular vein]]s and [[carotid artery|carotid arteries]] on both sides but leaving the [[spinal cord]] intact.<ref name=Usmani>[Mufti Muhammad Taqi Usmani, "The Islamic Laws of Animal Slaughter", White Thread Publishers, CA, USA]</ref>

The carcass should be hung upside down for long enough to be free of blood.<ref name=Guard>{{Cite web|url=http://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2014/may/08/what-does-halal-method-animal-slaughter-involve|title=What exactly does the halal method of animal slaughter involve?|date=May 8, 2014|website=The Guardian}}</ref>

Slaughtered animals must be acknowledged as sentient beings and slaughtered painlessly while reciting the [[Basmala]] and [[Takbir]].<ref name=yeniakit/> The butcher is required to call upon the name of [[God in Islam|Allah]] (''[[Basmala|Bismillah]]'') individually for each animal.<ref name=Usmani/> If the animal is treated poorly, or tortured while being slaughtered, the meat is haram.<ref name=yeniakit/>

Conversely, animals slaughtered for food may not be killed by being boiled or electrocuted.<ref name=Guard/> Animals strangled or beaten to death, or that died by falling or due to a wild animal are also expressly forbidden.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Surah Al-Ma'idah - 3 |url=https://quran.com/al-maidah/3 |access-date=2023-11-10 |website=Quran.com |language=en}}</ref>

====Game of Sea====
{{See also|List of halal and kosher fish}}
Game of water (i.e. fish and other sea creatures) is generally permitted in most of the schools of Islam, based on their interpretation of the '''''Quran 5:96'''''; the [[Hanafi]] school of Islamic jurisprudence forbids consumption of seafood other than true "fish", and considers other sea creatures, such as [[crustaceans]], to be ''[[makruh]]''.<ref>* {{cite web |author=Muhammad ibn Adam |title=Sea Food in the Four Madhahib |url=http://www.albalagh.net/qa/sea_food_madhahib.shtml |accessdate=27 April 2018}}
* {{cite web |author=Muhammad ibn Adam |title=Is Catfish Halal? |url=http://www.shariahprogram.ca/eat-halal-foods/catfish-halal.shtml |accessdate=27 April 2018}}
* {{cite web |author=Muhammad ibn Adam |title=Is Shark Meat Halal? |url=http://www.shariahprogram.ca/eat-halal-foods/shark-meat-halal.shtml |accessdate=27 April 2018}}</ref> Fishing is permitted during pilgrimage.

Some Hanafi scholars are in disagreement over whether or not [[prawn]]s and [[shrimp]] constitute as true "fish"; comparatively, many scholars do agree that [[crocodile]], [[crab]], [[lobster]], or any [[mollusk]] is not.<ref>al-Fatawa al-Hindiyya, 5/289–291</ref><ref>Bada’i al-Sana’i, 5/35–39</ref><ref>Radd al-Muhtar, 304–308.</ref>

In Shia hadith, there is a prohibition on the consumption of [[eel]]s. Any fish without scales are ''[[haram]]'' (forbidden) but fish that do have scales are permissible. (see [[List of halal and kosher fish|List of halal and kosher fish - Wikipedia]])<ref name=":2">Al-Kafi 2:11116:1</ref>

According to the [[Maliki school|Maliki]] school, all types of seafood including seahorses, lobsters and crabs are permitted.

According to [[Shafi'i school|Shafi]] school, every type of fish that is not poisonous (i.e. [[Tetraodontidae|puffer fish]], rock fish etc.) is permitted and [[crustacean]]s that do not live on land such as [[soft-shell crab]]s and [[lobster]]s are permitted, while [[Hermit crab|hermit-crabs]], [[crocodile]]s and [[Sea snake|sea-snakes]] are [[haram]].
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
! Sea Creature Category
! Hanafi
! Shafi‘i
! Maliki
! Hanbali
! Ja‘fari (Shia)
|-
| True Fish (with scales)
| Halal, provided the animal is recognized as “fish” (i.e. it has scales and fins). <ref name="SG2024">Shaykh Muhammad Abu Bakr Badhib, "Is Seafood Permissible to Eat?", SeekersGuidance, June 15, 2024.</ref>
| Halal <ref name="SG2024" />
| Halal <ref name="SG2024" />
| Halal <ref name="SG2024" />
| Halal (only if it has scales) <ref name="SG2024" />
|-
| Shellfish/Crustaceans (e.g. shrimp, crab, lobster)
| Generally not considered “true fish” and thus impermissible or at best makruh; nonetheless, there is a minority view among some Hanafi scholars that permits shrimp based on traditional usage.
| Halal – all sea creatures are included under “sea game.” <ref name="SG2024" />
| Halal – a broad permissibility is maintained. <ref name="SG2024" />
| Halal – similar to the Shafi‘i and Maliki view. <ref name="SG2024" />
| Generally impermissible since only fish with scales are allowed (with some debate on shrimp in limited cases). <ref name="SG2024" />
|-
| Mollusks (e.g. octopus, squid, clams, mussels)
| Impermissible (not classified as “fish”). <ref name="SG2024" />
| Halal <ref name="SG2024" />
| Halal <ref name="SG2024" />
| Halal <ref name="SG2024" />
| Impermissible (only true fish with scales are accepted). <ref name="SG2024" />
|-
| Marine Mammals (e.g. whales, dolphins)
| Generally avoided or deemed non-permissible since they do not fit the traditional definition of “fish.” <ref name="SG2024" />
| Halal – the general ruling “what comes from the sea is lawful” applies. <ref name="SG2024" />
| Halal <ref name="SG2024" />
| Halal <ref name="SG2024" />
| Impermissible – as they are not classified as fish with scales. <ref name="SG2024" />
|-
| Amphibious Creatures (e.g. frogs)
| Haram (explicitly forbidden in hadith). <ref name="Sistani">Office of His Eminence Al-Sayyid Ali Al-Husseini Al-Sistani, "Eating & Drinking – General Rules", Sistani.org.</ref>
| Haram <ref name="Sistani" />
| Haram <ref name="Sistani" />
| Haram <ref name="Sistani" />
| Haram <ref name="Sistani" />
|-
| Reptiles (e.g. sea turtles, sea snakes, crocodiles)
| Haram – not considered part of the “sea game.” <ref name="SG2024" />
| Haram <ref name="SG2024" />
| Haram <ref name="SG2024" />
| Haram <ref name="SG2024" />
| Haram <ref name="SG2024" />
|}
====Food of People of the book====
Food of Jews and Christians (other than those explicitly forbidden) is lawful for [[Sunni Muslims]].
{{Blockquote|This day are (all) good things made lawful for you. The food of those who have received the Scripture is lawful for you, and your food is lawful for them. And so are the virtuous women of the believers and the virtuous women of those who received the Scripture before you (lawful for you) when you give them their marriage portions and live with them in honour, not in fornication, nor taking them as secret concubines. Whoever denies the faith, his work is vain and he will be among the losers in the Hereafter. ([[Quran 5:5]])<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://quran.com/5/1?translations=131|title=Surah Al-Ma'idah - 5:1|website=quran.com}}</ref>}}