Editing Iris (anatomy) (section)

==Structure==
The iris consists of two layers: the front [[pigment]]ed [[Wikt:fibrovascular|fibrovascular]] layer known as a [[stroma of iris|stroma]] and, behind the stroma, pigmented epithelial cells.

The stroma is connected to a [[sphincter]] muscle ([[sphincter pupillae]]), which contracts the pupil in a circular motion, and a set of dilator muscles ([[dilator pupillae]]), which pull the iris radially to enlarge the pupil, pulling it in folds.
[[File:Pupillary light reflex.jpg|thumb|360x360px|The iris (brown coloured portion of the eye) controls the size of the pupil by contracting the sphincter pupillae and dilator pupillae muscles.]]
The sphincter pupillae is the opposing muscle of the dilator pupillae. The pupil's diameter, and thus the inner border of the iris, changes size when constricting or dilating. The outer border of the iris does not change size.  The constricting muscle is located on the inner border.

The back surface is covered by a heavily pigmented [[epithelium|epithelial]] layer that is two cells thick (the iris pigment epithelium), but the front surface has no epithelium. This anterior surface projects as the dilator muscles. The high pigment content blocks light from passing through the iris to the retina, restricting it to the pupil.<ref name="iris">"eye, human." Encyclopædia Britannica from [[Encyclopædia Britannica 2006 Ultimate Reference Suite DVD]]</ref> The outer edge of the iris, known as the root, is attached to the [[sclera]] and the anterior [[ciliary body]]. The iris and ciliary body together are known as the anterior [[uvea]]. Just in front of the root of the iris is the region referred to as the [[trabecular meshwork]], through which the [[aqueous humour]] constantly drains out of the eye, with the result that diseases of the iris often have important effects on [[intraocular pressure]] and indirectly on vision. The iris along with the anterior ciliary body provide a secondary pathway for aqueous humour to drain from the eye.
[[File:Iris regions.jpg|370px|right]]
The iris is divided into two major regions:
# The '''pupillary zone''' is the inner region whose edge forms the boundary of the pupil.
# The '''ciliary zone''' is the rest of the iris that extends to its origin at the ciliary body.
The '''{{Anchor|Collarette}}collarette''' is the thickest region of the iris, separating the pupillary portion from the ciliary portion. The collarette is a vestige of the coating of the embryonic pupil.<ref name="iris"/> It is typically defined as the region where the sphincter muscle and dilator muscle overlap. Radial ridges extend from the periphery to the pupillary zone, to supply the iris with blood vessels. The root of the iris is the thinnest and most peripheral.<ref name="iris1">Gold, Daniel H; Lewis, Richard; "Clinical Eye Atlas," pp. 396–397</ref>

The muscle cells of the iris are [[smooth muscle]] in mammals and amphibians, but are [[striated muscle]] in reptiles (including birds). Many fish have neither, and, as a result, their irises are unable to dilate and contract, so that the pupil always remains of a fixed size.<ref name=VB>{{cite book |author=Romer, Alfred Sherwood|author2=Parsons, Thomas S.|year=1977 |title=The Vertebrate Body |publisher=Holt-Saunders International |location= Philadelphia, PA|page= 462|isbn= 0-03-910284-X}}</ref>

===Front===
*The '''crypts of Fuchs''' are a series of openings located on either side of the collarette that allow the stroma and deeper iris tissues to be bathed in aqueous humor. Collagen trabeculae that surround the border of the crypts can be seen in blue irises.
*The midway between the collarette and the origin of the iris: These folds result from changes in the surface of the iris as it dilates.{{Citation needed|date=November 2010}}
*'''Crypts on the base of the iris''' are additional openings that can be observed close to the outermost part of the ciliary portion of the iris.<ref name="iris1"/>

===Back===
*The '''radial contraction folds of Schwalbe''' are a series of very fine radial folds in the pupillary portion of the iris extending from the pupillary margin to the collarette. They are associated with the scalloped appearance of the pupillary ruff.
*The '''structural folds of Schwalbe''' are radial folds extending from the border of the ciliary and pupillary zones that are much broader and more widely spaced, continuous with the "valleys" between the ciliary processes.
*Some of the '''circular contraction folds''' are a fine series of ridges that run near the pupillary margin and vary in thickness of the iris pigment epithelium; others are in ciliary portion of iris.<ref name="iris1"/>

===Microanatomy===
[[File:Auge Iris.jpg|thumb|Light micrograph of the iris near to the pupil. ''M. sph.'' sphincter muscle, ''L'' lens]]
[[File:Doppler holography of Olivier Martinache's myosis.gif|thumb|Constriction of the pupil ([[miosis]]) observed by [[laser Doppler imaging]] reveals radial vessels of the iris.]]
[[File:Voluntary pupil dilation.gif|thumb|A human eye demonstrating its owner's rare ability to voluntarily dilate and constrict his pupil on command, via voluntary control of his iris muscles.]]
[[File:SD OCT - Anterior Chamber Angle Cross-Section (with viewfinder).png|thumb|Anterior chamber cross-section imaged by an [[SD-OCT]].]]
From anterior (front) to posterior (back), the layers of the iris are:
*Anterior limiting layer
*[[Stroma of iris]]
*[[Iris sphincter muscle]]
*[[Iris dilator muscle]] (myoepithelium)
*Anterior pigment epithelium
*Posterior pigment epithelium

===Development===
The stroma and the anterior border layer of the iris are derived from the [[neural crest]], and behind the stroma of the iris, the sphincter pupillae and dilator pupillae muscles, as well as the iris epithelium, develop from optic cup neuroectoderm.