Editing Instructional design (section)

===Origins ===
As a field, instructional design is historically and traditionally rooted in [[cognitive]] and [[behavioral psychology]], though recently [[constructivism (learning theory)|constructivism]] has influenced thinking in the field.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Mayer|first1=Richard E|year=1992|title=Cognition and instruction: Their historic meeting within educational psychology|journal=Journal of Educational Psychology|volume=84|issue=4|pages=405–412|doi=10.1037/0022-0663.84.4.405}}</ref><ref>Duffy, T. M., & Cunningham, D. J. (1996). Constructivism: Implications for the design and delivery of instruction. In D. Jonassen (Ed.), Handbook of Research for Educational Communications and Technology (pp. 170-198). New York: Simon & Schuster Macmillan</ref><ref>Duffy, T. M., & Jonassen, D. H. (1992). Constructivism: New implications for instructional technology. In T. Duffy & D. Jonassen (Eds.), Constructivism and the technology of instruction (pp. 1-16). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.</ref> This can be attributed to the way it emerged during a period when the behaviorist paradigm was dominating American psychology. There are also those who cite that, aside from behaviorist psychology, the origin of the concept could be traced back to [[systems engineering]]. While the impact of each of these fields is difficult to quantify, it is argued that the language and the "look and feel" of the early forms of instructional design and their progeny were derived from this engineering discipline.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Instructional Design: International Perspectives. Theory, research, and models. Vol. 1|last1=Tennyson|first1=Robert|last2=Dijkstra|first2=S.|last3=Schott|first3=Frank|last4=Seel|first4=Norbert|publisher=Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.|year=1997|isbn=0805814000|location=Mahwah, NJ|pages=42}}</ref> Specifically, they were linked to the training development model used by the [[United States Armed Forces|U.S. military]], which were based on systems approach and was explained as "the idea of viewing a problem or situation in its entirety with all its ramifications, with all its interior interactions, with all its exterior connections and with full cognizance of its place in its context."<ref>{{Cite book|title=Handbook of Improving Performance in the Workplace, Instructional Design and Training Delivery|last1=Silber|first1=Kenneth|last2=Foshay|first2=Wellesley|publisher=Pfeiffer|year=2010|isbn=9780470190685|location=San Francisco, CA|pages=62}}</ref>

The role of systems engineering in the early development of instructional design was demonstrated during [[World War II]] when a considerable amount of training materials for the military were developed based on the principles of instruction, learning, and human behavior. Tests for assessing a learner's abilities were used to screen candidates for the training programs. After the success of military training, psychologists began to view [[training]] as a system and developed various analysis, design, and evaluation procedures.<ref name="TrendsIssues">{{Cite book |title=Trends and Issues in Instructional Design and Technology |date=2012 |publisher=[[Pearson]] |isbn=978-0-13-256358-1 |editor-last=Reiser |editor-first=Robert A. |edition=3rd |location=New Jersey}}</ref> In 1946, [[Edgar Dale]] outlined a hierarchy of instructional methods, organized intuitively by their concreteness.<ref name="slides">Clark, B. (2009). ''[http://www.slideshare.net/benton44/history-of-instructional-design-and-technology?from=embed The history of instructional design and technology.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121203232320/http://www.slideshare.net/benton44/history-of-instructional-design-and-technology?from=embed|date=2012-12-03}}''. {{Need better citation|reason=The current source is insufficiently reliable ([[WP:NOTRS]]).|date=April 2025}}</ref><ref>Thalheimer, Will. People remember 10%, 20%...Oh Really? October 8, 2006. {{cite web |url=http://www.willatworklearning.com/2006/10/people_remember.html |title=Will at Work Learning: People remember 10%, 20%...Oh Really? |access-date=2016-09-15 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160914001649/http://www.willatworklearning.com/2006/10/people_remember.html |archive-date=2016-09-14 }}</ref> The framework first migrated to the industrial sector to train workers before it finally found its way to the education field.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Instructional Design: Principles and Applications|last1=Briggs|first1=Leslie|last2=Gustafson|first2=Kent|last3=Tillman|first3=Murray|publisher=Educational Technology Publications|year=1991|isbn=9780877782308|location=Englewood Cliffs, NJ|pages=375}}</ref>