Editing Ingmar Bergman (section)

===Early life===
Ernst Ingmar Bergman was born in [[Uppsala]] on 14 July 1918,{{sfn|Steene|2005|p=23}} the son of nurse Karin (née Åkerblom) and [[Lutheranism|Lutheran]] minister (and later chaplain to the [[Monarch of Sweden|King of Sweden]]) [[Erik Bergman (Lutheran minister)|Erik Bergman]]. His mother was of [[Walloons|Walloon]] descent.{{sfn|Gado|1986|p=374}}<ref>In a book published in 2011, Bergman's niece Veronica Ralston suggested that the director was not identical to the child born to Erik and Karin Bergman in July 1918. Ralston's claim was that this child would have died and been substituted for another child allegedly born to Erik Bergman in an [[Extramarital affair|extramarital relationship]]. (See [https://www.dn.se/kultur-noje/film-tv/who-was-the-mother-of-ingmar-bergman/ Who was the mother of Ingmar Bergman?] ''Dagens Nyheter'', 26 May 2011. Retrieved 28 May 2011.) The [[DNA]] evidence was weakened after the laboratory consulted by Ralston clarified that it had only been possible to extract DNA from one out of two stamps submitted for testing, and the child supposedly substituted for the newborn child of Karin Bergman was later identified as having emigrated to the US in 1923 with his adopted parents and lived there until his death in 1982 (Clas Barkman, "[https://www.dn.se/kultur-noje/nya-turer-i-mysteriet-kring-bergman/ Nya turer i mysteriet kring Bergman]", ''Dagens Nyheter'', 4 June 2011. Retrieved 8 June 2011).</ref> The Bergman family was originally from [[Järvsö]]. On his father's side, Bergman was a descendant of the noble [[Bröms]], [[Ehrenskiöld]], and [[Stockenström]] clergy families of Finnish, German, and Swedish origin. His father also descended from the German noble families {{ill|Flach (noble family)|lt=Flach|sv|Flach}} and [[de Frese]] introduced at the Swedish [[Riddarhuset]]. Bergman's paternal grandmother and maternal grandfather were cousins, making his parents second cousins. On his mother's side, he was descended from Dutch merchant Paul Calwagen, who left Holland for Sweden in the 17th century; Paul's Dutch-Swedish wife, Maria van der Hagen, was a descendant of the court painter [[Laurens van der Plas]]. Bergman's mother was also a descendant of the noble [[Tigerschiöld]] and [[Weinholz]] families, as well as the {{ill|Bure (noble family)|lt=Bure|sv|Bure (adlig släkt)}} family.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Geni.com |title=The Pedigree of Ingmar Bergman |url=https://www.geni.com/family-tree/canvas/6000000003252172731 |website=Geni.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Gustaf |first1=Elgenstierna |title=Genealogy of Hermanni Family |url=https://www.adelsvapen.com/genealogi/hermanni |website=Adelsvapen }}</ref>
[[File:Ingmar 86135a.jpg|thumb|left|upright=0.8|Bergman as a young man]]

Bergman grew up with his older brother [[Dag Bergman|Dag]] and younger sister [[Margareta Bergman|Margareta]] surrounded by [[religious image]]ry and discussion. His father was a [[conservative]] parish minister with strict ideas of parenting. Ingmar was locked up in dark closets for infractions such as wetting himself. "While father preached away in the pulpit and the congregation prayed, sang, or listened", Ingmar wrote in his autobiography ''Laterna Magica'', "I devoted my interest to the church's mysterious world of low arches, thick walls, the smell of [[eternity]], the coloured sunlight quivering above the strangest vegetation of [[medieval painting]]s and carved figures on ceilings and walls. There was everything that one's imagination could desire—[[angel]]s, [[saint]]s, dragons, [[prophet]]s, devils, humans..." Although raised in a devout [[Lutheran]] household, Bergman later stated that he lost his faith at age eight, and came to terms with this fact while making ''[[Winter Light]]'' in 1962.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Films of Ingmar Bergman|author=Kalin, Jesse|year=2003|page=193}}</ref> His interest in theatre and film began early; at the age of nine, he traded a set of [[tin soldier]]s for a [[magic lantern]]. Within a year, he had created a private world by playing with this toy in which he felt completely at home. He fashioned his own scenery, [[marionette]]s, and lighting effects and gave puppet productions of [[August Strindberg|Strindberg]] plays in which he spoke all the parts."<ref>{{cite news|title=Ingmar Bergman, Master Filmmaker, Dies at 89|author=Rothstein, Mervyn|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|date=31 July 2007}}</ref><ref>For an extended discussion of the profound influence that August Strindberg's work played in Bergman's life and career, see: Ottiliana Rolandsson, ''Pure Artistry: Ingmar Bergman, the Face as Portal and the Performance of the Soul'', Ph.D. dissertation, University of California, Santa Barbara, 2010, especially chapter 3, "Bergman, Strindberg and the Territories of Imagination".</ref>

Bergman attended the [[Palmgrenska samskolan|Palmgren School]] as a teenager. His school years were unhappy,{{sfn|Steene|2005|p=33}} and he remembered them unfavourably in later years. In a 1944 letter concerning the film ''[[Torment (1944 film)|Torment]]'' (sometimes known as ''Frenzy''), which sparked debate on the condition of Swedish high schools (and which Bergman had written),{{sfn|Gado|1986|p=59}} the school's principal Henning Håkanson wrote, among other things, that Bergman had been a "problem child".<ref>{{cite book|title=Ingmar Bergman: The Life and Films of the Last Great European Director|author=Macnab, Geoffrey|publisher=I.B. Tauris|date=2009|isbn=978-0857713575}}</ref> Bergman wrote in a response that he had strongly disliked the emphasis on homework and testing in his formal schooling.

In 1934, aged 16, he was sent to Germany to spend the summer holidays with family friends. He attended a [[NSDAP|Nazi]] rally in [[Weimar]] at which he saw [[Adolf Hitler]].<ref>{{cite book|author=Vermilye, Jerry|title=Ingmar Bergman: His Life and Films|year=2001|page=6}}; see also Bergman's autobiography, ''Laterna Magica''.</ref> He later wrote in ''Laterna Magica'' (''The Magic Lantern'') about the visit to Germany, describing how the German family had put a portrait of Hitler on the wall by his bed, and that "for many years, I was on Hitler's side, delighted by his success and saddened by his defeats".<ref>Ingmar Bergman, ''The Magic Lantern'' (transl. from Swedish: ''Laterna Magica''), Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2007; {{ISBN|978-0-226-04382-1}}.</ref> Bergman commented that "Hitler was unbelievably [[charisma]]tic. He electrified the crowd. ... The [[Nazism]] I had seen seemed fun and youthful."<ref name=":0">{{cite news |date=7 September 1999 |title=Bergman admits Nazi past |work=BBC News |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/441057.stm |access-date=2022-05-14}}</ref> Bergman did two five-month stretches of mandatory military service in Sweden.<ref>Peter Ohlin. (2009.) "Bergman's Nazi Past", ''Scandinavian Studies'', '''81'''(4):437-74.</ref> He later reflected, "When the doors to the [[Nazi concentration camps|concentration camps]] were thrown open ... I was suddenly ripped of my innocence."<ref name=":0" />

Bergman enrolled at Stockholm University College (later renamed [[Stockholm University]]) in 1937, to study art and literature. He spent most of his time involved in student theatre and became a "genuine movie addict".<ref>{{cite book|author=Vermilye, Jerry|title=Ingmar Bergman: His Life and Films|year=2001|page=6}}</ref> At the same time, a romantic involvement led to a physical confrontation with his father which resulted in a break in their relationship which lasted for many years. Although he did not graduate from the university, he wrote a number of plays and an opera, and became an assistant director at a local theatre. In 1942, he was given the opportunity to direct one of his own scripts, ''Caspar's Death''. The play was seen by members of [[AB Svensk Filmindustri|Svensk Filmindustri]], which then offered Bergman a position working on scripts. He married [[Else Fisher]] in 1943.