Editing Information Sciences Institute (section)

==History==
ISI was founded by [[Keith Uncapher]], who headed the computer research group at [[RAND Corporation]] in the 1960s and early 1970s.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2002/10/16/business/keith-w-uncapher-networking-pioneer-80.html|title=Keith W. Uncapher, Networking Pioneer, 80|first=Katie|last=Hafner|newspaper=The New York Times|access-date=13 August 2018|date=2002-10-16}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2002-oct-12-me-keith12-story.html|title=Keith Uncapher, 80; Founder of USC Science Institute, Computer Pioneer|first=Joseph|last=Menn|date=12 October 2002|website=Articles.latimes.com|access-date=13 August 2018}}</ref> Uncapher decided to leave RAND after his group's funding was cut in 1971. He approached the [[University of California, Los Angeles]] about creating an off-campus technology institute, but was told that a decision would take 15 months. He then presented the concept to USC, which approved the proposal in five days.<ref name=remarkable /> ISI was launched with three employees in 1972. Its first proposal was funded by the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) in 30 days for $6 million.<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://conservancy.umn.edu/handle/11299/107692|title=Oral history interview with Keith W. Uncapher|first=Uncapher, Keith|last=W.|date=10 July 1989|website=Conservancy.umn.edu|hdl=11299/107692 |access-date=13 August 2018}}</ref>

ISI became one of the earliest nodes on ARPANET,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cbi.umn.edu/iterations/kilker.html|title=Iterations: An interdisciplinary journal of software history|website=Cbi.umn.edu|access-date=13 August 2018}}</ref> the predecessor to the Internet, and in 1977 figured prominently in a demonstration of its international viability.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.computerhistory.org/internet_history/internet_history_70s.html|title=Internet History of 1970s - Internet History - Computer History Museum|website=Computerhistory.org|access-date=13 August 2018}}</ref>  ISI also helped refine the [[TCP/IP]] communications protocols fundamental to Net operations,<ref name="internetsociety.org"/> and researcher [[Paul Mockapetris]] developed the now-familiar [[Domain Name System]] characterized by .com, .org, .net, .gov, and .edu<ref>{{cite web|url=http://internethalloffame.org/inductees/paul-mockapetris|title=Paul Mockapetris - Internet Hall of Fame|website=internethalloffame.org|access-date=13 August 2018}}</ref> on which the Net still operates. (The names .com, .org et al. were invented at [[SRI International]], an ongoing collaborator.) [[Steve Crocker]] originated the [[Request for Comments]] (RFC) series, the written record of the network's technical structure and operation that both documented and shaped the emerging Internet.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://internethalloffame.org/inductees/steve-crocker|title=Steve Crocker - Internet Hall of Fame|website=internethalloffame.org|access-date=13 August 2018}}</ref> Another ISI researcher, [[Danny Cohen (engineer)|Danny Cohen]], became first to implement [[Voice over IP|packet voice]] and packet video over ARPANET, demonstrating the viability of packet switching for real-time applications.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://internethalloffame.org/inductees/danny-cohen|title=Danny Cohen - Internet Hall of Fame|website=internethalloffame.org|access-date=13 August 2018}}</ref>

[[Jonathan Postel]] collaborated in development of TCP/IP, DNS and the [[Simple Mail Transfer Protocol|SMTP]] protocol that supports [[email]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.internethalloffame.org/inductees/jon-postel|title=Jon Postel - Internet Hall of Fame|website=Internethalloffame.org|access-date=13 August 2018}}</ref> He also edited the RFC for nearly three decades until his sudden death in 1998, when ISI colleagues assumed responsibility. The Institute retained that role until 2009. Postel simultaneously directed the [[Internet Assigned Numbers Authority]] (IANA) and its predecessor, which assign Internet addresses. IANA was administered from ISI until a nonprofit organization, [[ICANN]], was created for that purpose in 1998.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.icann.org/en/system/files/files/sac-067-en.pdf|title=SAC067 : Overview and History of the IANA Functions|website=Icann.org|access-date=13 August 2018}}</ref>