Editing Inca Empire (section)

== History ==
{{Main|History of the Incas}}

=== Antecedents ===
[[File:Tiwanaku1.jpg|thumb|left|Stela in Tiwanaku's Kalasasaya temple]] 
The Inca Empire was the last chapter of thousands of years of [[Andean civilizations]]. The Andean civilisation is one of at least five civilisations in the world deemed by scholars to be "pristine". The concept of a [[Cradle of civilization|pristine civilisation]] refers to a civilisation that has developed independently of external influences and is not a derivative of other civilisations.<ref>Upton, Gary and von Hagen, Adriana (2015), ''Encyclopedia of the Incas'', New York, [[Rowman & Littlefield]], p. 2. Some scholars cite 6 or 7 pristine civilisations {{ISBN|0804715165}}.</ref>

The Inca Empire was preceded by two large-scale empires in the Andes: the [[Tiwanaku Empire|Tiwanaku]] ({{Circa|300}}–1100 AD), based around [[Lake Titicaca]], and the [[Wari Empire|Wari]] or Huari ({{Circa|600}}–1100 AD), centered near the city of [[Ayacucho]]. The Wari occupied the Cuzco area for about 400 years. Thus, many of the characteristics of the Inca Empire derived from earlier multi-ethnic and expansive Andean cultures.<ref>McEwan, Gordon F.; (2006), ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=J3WZuTINl2QC&q=Tiwanaku+OR+Wari The Incas: New Perspectives] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221211171520/https://books.google.com/books?id=J3WZuTINl2QC&printsec=frontcover#v=snippet&q=Tiwanaku%20OR%20Wari&f=false |date=11 December 2022}}'', New York, [[W. W. Norton & Company]], p. 65</ref> To those earlier civilizations may be owed some of the accomplishments cited for the Inca Empire: "thousands of kilometres/miles of roads and dozens of large administrative centers with elaborate stone construction... terraced mountainsides and filled in valleys", and the production of "vast quantities of goods".<ref>Spalding, Karen (1984), ''Huarocochí'', [[Stanford University Press]], page 77</ref>

[[Carl Troll]] has argued that the development of the Inca state in the central Andes was aided by conditions that allow for the elaboration of the [[staple food]] ''[[chuño]]''. Chuño, which can be stored for long periods, is made of potato dried at the freezing temperatures that are common at nighttime in the southern Andean highlands. Such a link between the Inca state and chuño has been questioned, as other crops such as [[maize]] can also be dried with only sunlight.<ref name="Gade2016"/>

Troll also argued that [[llama]]s, the Incas' pack animal, can be found in their largest numbers in this very same region.<ref name="Gade2016">{{cite book |last=Gade |first=Daniel |date=2016 |title=Spell of the Urubamba: Anthropogeographical Essays on an Andean Valley in Space and Time |chapter-url=https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9783319208480#aboutBook |chapter=Urubamba Verticality: Reflections on Crops and Diseases |page=86 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-3-319-20849-7}}</ref> The maximum extent of the Inca Empire roughly coincided with the distribution of llamas and [[alpaca]]s, [[Incan animal husbandry|the only large domesticated animals in Pre-Hispanic America]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Hardoy |first=Jorge Henríque |date=1973 |title=Pre-Columbian Cities |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fbQJBAAAQBAJ&q=llama+inca+expansion+colombia+limi&pg=PA24 |page=24 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=978-0-8027-0380-4}}</ref>

As a third point Troll pointed out irrigation technology as advantageous to Inca state-building.<ref name="Gade1996">{{cite journal |last1=Gade |first1=Daniel W. |date=1996 |title=Carl Troll on Nature and Culture in the Andes (Carl Troll über die Natur und Kultur in den Anden) |journal=[[Erdkunde]] |volume=50 |issue=4 |pages=301–316 |doi=10.3112/erdkunde.1996.04.02}}</ref> While Troll theorized concerning environmental influences on the Inca Empire, he opposed [[environmental determinism]], arguing that culture lay at the core of the Inca civilization.<ref name="Gade1996"/>

=== Origin ===
The Inca people were a [[Pastoralism|pastoral]] tribe in the [[Cusco Region|Cusco]] area around the 12th century. Indigenous Andean [[oral tradition|oral history]] tells two main origin stories: the legends of Manco Capac and Mama Ocllo, and that of the Ayar brothers.

==== The Legend of the Ayar Brothers ====
[[File:Brooklyn Museum - Manco Capac, First Inca, 1 of 14 Portraits of Inca Kings - overall.jpg|thumb|left|[[Manco Cápac|Manco Capac]], First Inca, 1 of 14 Portraits of Inca Kings, Probably mid-18th century. Oil on canvas. [[Brooklyn Museum]]]]
[[File:Manqu Qhapaqwan Mama Uqllu.gif|thumb|upright=0.6|[[Manco Cápac]] and [[Mama Ocllo]], children of the [[Inti]], [[Felipe Guaman Poma de Ayala]], ''[[El primer nueva corónica y buen gobierno]]'', ''circa'' 1615]]

The center cave at Tambo Tocco (Tampu T'uqu) was named Capac Tocco (Qhapaq T'uqu, "principal niche"). The other caves were Maras Tocco (Maras T'uqu) and Sutic Tocco (Sutiq T'uqu).{{sfn|McEwan|2008|p=57}} Four brothers and four sisters stepped out of the middle cave. They were: [[Manco Capac|Ayar Manco]] (Ayar Manqu), [[Ayar Cachi]] (Ayar Kachi), Ayar Auca (Ayar Awka) and Ayar Uchu (Ayar Uchi); and [[Mama Ocllo]] (Mama Uqllu), [[Mama Raua]] (Mama Rawa), Mama Huaco (Mama Waqu) and Mama Coea (Mama Qura). Out of the side caves came the people who were to be the ancestors of all the Inca clans.

Ayar Manco carried a magic staff made of the finest gold. Where this staff landed, the people would live. They traveled for a long time. On the way, Ayar Cachi boasted about his strength and power. His siblings tricked him into returning to the cave to get a sacred [[llama]]. When he went into the cave, they trapped him inside to get rid of him.

Ayar Uchu decided to stay on the top of the cave to look over the Inca people. The minute he proclaimed that, he turned to stone. They built a shrine around the stone and it became a sacred object. Ayar Auca grew tired of all this and decided to travel alone. Only Ayar Manco and his four sisters remained.

Finally, they reached Cusco. The staff sank into the ground. Before they arrived, Mama Ocllo had already borne Ayar Manco a child, [[Sinchi Roca]]. The people who were already living in Cusco fought hard to keep their land, but Mama Huaca was a good fighter. When the enemy attacked, she threw her [[bolas]] (several stones tied together that spun through the air when thrown) at a soldier (gualla) and killed him instantly. The other people became afraid and ran away.

After that, Ayar Manco became known as [[Manco Cápac|Manco Capac]], the founder of the Inca. It is said that he and his sisters built the first Inca homes in the valley with their own hands. When the time came, Manco Capac turned to stone like his brothers before him. His son, Sinchi Roca, became the second emperor of the Inca.{{sfn|McEwan|2008|p=69}}

==== The Legend of Manco Cápac and Mama Ocllo ====
Legend collected by the {{Lang|es|[[mestizo]]}} chronicler [[Inca Garcilaso de la Vega]] in his work ''[[Los Comentarios Reales de los Incas]]'' ({{Translation|The Royal Commentaries of the Inca}}). It narrates the adventure of a couple, [[Manco Cápac|Manco Capac]] and [[Mama Ocllo]], who were sent by the [[Inti|Sun God]] and emerged from the depths of [[Titicaca|Lake Titicaca]] (''pacarina'' ~ ''paqarina'' "sacred place of origin") and marched north. They carried a golden staff, given by the [[Inti|Sun God]]; the message was clear: in the place where the golden staff sank, they would establish a city and settle there. The staff sank at [[Huanacaure|Mount Guanacaure]] in the Acamama Valley; therefore, the couple decided to remain there and informed the inhabitants of the area that they were sent by the [[Inti|Sun God]]. They then proceeded to teach them agriculture and weaving. Thus, the Inca civilization began.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Vega |first=Garcilaso de la |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iKwUzwEACAAJ |title=Royal Commentaries of the Incas, and General History of Peru |date=1966 |publisher=[[University of Texas Press]] |isbn=978-0-608-08701-6 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Great Inka Road: Engineering an Empire - Creation Stories |url=https://americanindian.si.edu/inkaroad/ancestors/creationstories/children-sun.html |access-date=2024-07-21 |website=americanindian.si.edu}}</ref>

=== Kingdom of Cuzco ===
{{Main|Kingdom of Cusco}}
[[File:Inca Expansion.svg|thumb|The Inca Empire's expansion according to [[John Howland Rowe]] in his "absolute chronology", developed in 1944–1945.]]

In the early 1200s, under the leadership of Manco Capac, the Inca formed the small city-state [[Kingdom of Cusco|Kingdom of Cuzco]] (Quechua ''Qusqu''). There Manco Capac built a temple to the Sun God, called Inticancha, in the current location of [[Coricancha|Coricancha]]. Over the successive Inca rulers,  they expanded their influence beyond Cusco and into the [[Sacred Valley|Sacred Valley]] through a series of battles, marriages, and alliances.

In 1438, they began a far-reaching expansion under the command of the 9th [[Sapa Inca]] ("paramount leader"), [[Pachacuti|Pachacuti Cusi Yupanqui]] (Pachakutiy Kusi Yupanki), whose epithet ''Pachacuti'' means "the turn of the world".<ref>{{Cite book |last=Cerrón-Palomino |first=Rodolfo |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.18800/9789972428562 |title=Voces del Ande: ensayos sobre onomástica andina |date=2008 |publisher=[[Pontifical Catholic University of Peru|Fondo Editorial de la Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú]] |isbn=978-9972-42-856-2 |pages=298 |doi=10.18800/9789972428562 |language=es |trans-title=Words of the Andes: essays on Andean onomastics}}</ref> The name of Pachacuti was given to him after he conquered the tribe of the [[Chancas]] during the [[Chanka–Inca War]] (in modern-day [[Apurímac Region|Apurímac]]). During his reign, he and his son [[Topa Inca Yupanqui|Topa Yupanqui]] (Tupa Yupanki) brought much of the modern-day territory of [[Peru]] under Inca control.<ref name="isbn0-521-31896-3">{{Cite book |last1=Demarest |first1=Arthur Andrew |last2=Conrad |first2=Geoffrey W. |title=Religion and Empire: The Dynamics of Aztec and Inca Expansionism |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |date=1984 |pages=57–59 |url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=IqecX148zLsC|page=57}} |isbn=0-521-31896-3}}</ref>

=== Reorganisation and formation ===
Pachacuti reorganised the kingdom of Cusco into the Tahuantinsuyu, which consisted of a central government with the Inca at its head and four provincial governments with strong leaders: Chinchaysuyu (NW), Antisuyu (NE), Kuntisuyu (SW) and Qullasuyu (SE).{{efn|The three laws of Tawantinsuyu are still referred to in Bolivia these days as the three laws of the Qullasuyu.}} Pachacuti is thought to have built [[Machu Picchu]], either as a family home or summer retreat, although it may have been an agricultural station.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Weatherford |first=J. McIver |author-link=J. McIver Weatherford |title=Indian Givers: How the Indians of the Americas Transformed the World |date=1988 |publisher=Fawcett Columbine |url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=xrjz_PgrAdsC|page=60}} |isbn=0-449-90496-2 |pages=60–62}}</ref>

Pachacuti sent spies to regions he wanted in his empire and they brought to him reports on political organization, military strength and wealth. He then sent messages to their leaders extolling the benefits of joining his empire, offering them presents of luxury goods such as high quality textiles and promising that they would be materially richer as his subjects.

Most accepted the rule of the Inca as a ''[[List of French phrases used by English speakers#F|fait accompli]]'' and acquiesced peacefully. Refusal to accept Inca rule resulted in military conquest. Following conquest the local rulers were executed. The ruler's children were brought to Cuzco to learn about Inca administration systems, then return to rule their native lands. This allowed the Inca to indoctrinate them into the Inca nobility and, with luck, marry their daughters into families at various corners of the empire.

=== Expansion and consolidation ===
{{Main|Colla–Inca War|Chimor–Inca War|List of wars involving the Inca Empire}}

Pachacuti had named his favorite son, Amaru Yupanqui, as his co-ruler and successor.<ref>{{Cite book |last=de Gamboa |first=Pedro Sarmiento |title=Historia de los Incas}}</ref> However, as co-ruler Amaru showed little interest in military affairs. Due to this lack of military talent, he faced much opposition from the Inca nobility, who began to plot against him.<ref>{{Cite book |last=José Antonio |first=del Busto Duthurburu |title=Une cronología aproximada del Tahuantinsuyu |page=18}}</ref> Despite this, Pachacuti decided to take a blind eye to his son's lack of capability. Following a revolt during which Amaru almost led the Inca forces to defeat, the [[Sapa Inca]] decided to replace the co-ruler with another one of his sons, [[Topa Inca Yupanqui]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Rostworowski |first=María |title=Le Grand Inca Pachacútec Inca Yupanqui |publisher=Tallandier |date=2008 |isbn=978-2-84734-462-2}}</ref> Túpac Inca Yupanqui began conquests to the north in 1463 and continued them as Inca ruler after Pachacuti's death in 1471. Túpac Inca's most important conquest was the Kingdom of [[Chimor]], the Inca's only serious rival for the coast. Túpac Inca's empire then stretched north into what are today Ecuador and Colombia. Topa Inca's son [[Huayna Cápac|Huayna Capac]] added a small portion of land to the north in what is today Ecuador. At its height, the Inca Empire included modern-day Peru, what are today western and south central Bolivia, southwest Ecuador and Colombia and [[Incas in Central Chile|a large portion]] of modern-day Chile, at the north of the [[Maule River]]. Traditional [[historiography]] claims the advance south halted after the [[Battle of the Maule]] where they met determined resistance from the [[Mapuche]].<ref name="Silva1983">{{cite journal |last1=Silva Galdames |first1=Osvaldo |author-link=Osvaldo Silva |date=1983 |title=¿Detuvo la batalla del Maule la expansión inca hacia el sur de Chile? |url=https://revistas.uchile.cl/index.php/CDH/article/download/46464/48492 |journal=[[Cuadernos de Historia]] |language=es |volume=3 |pages=7–25 |access-date=10 January 2019}}</ref>

This view is challenged by historian [[Osvaldo Silva]] who argues instead that it was the social and political framework of the Mapuche that posed the main difficulty in imposing imperial rule.<ref name=Silva1983/> Silva does accept that the battle of the Maule was a stalemate, but argues the Incas lacked the incentives for conquest they had when fighting more complex societies such as the [[Chimor|Chimú Empire]].<ref name="Silva1983"/>

Silva also disputes the date given by traditional historiography for the battle: the late 15th century during the reign of [[Topa Inca Yupanqui]] (1471–1493).<ref name="Silva1983"/> Instead, he places it in 1532 during the [[Inca Civil War]].<ref name="Silva1983"/> Nevertheless, Silva agrees on the claim that the bulk of the Inca conquests were made during the late 15th century.<ref name="Silva1983"/> At the time of the Inca Civil War an [[Inca army]] was, according to [[Diego de Rosales]], subduing a revolt among the [[Diaguita]]s of [[Transverse Valleys|Copiapó and Coquimbo]].<ref name="Silva1983"/>

The empire's push into the [[Amazon Basin]] near the [[Chinchipe River]] was stopped by the [[Shuar people|Shuar]] in 1527.<ref name="Salazar1977">{{cite book |author=Ernesto Salazar |title=An Indian federation in lowland Ecuador |url=http://www.iwgia.org/iwgia_files_publications_files/0106_28Ecuador.pdf |access-date=16 February 2013 |date=1977 |publisher=[[International Work Group for Indigenous Affairs]] |page=13}}</ref> The empire extended into corners of what are today the north of Argentina and part of the southern Colombia. However, most of the southern portion of the Inca empire, the portion denominated as Qullasuyu, was located in the [[Altiplano]].

The Inca Empire was an amalgamation of languages, cultures and peoples. The components of the empire were not all uniformly loyal, nor were the local cultures all fully integrated. The Inca empire as a whole had an economy based on exchange and taxation of luxury goods and labour. The following quote describes a method of taxation:

<blockquote>For as is well known to all, not a single village of the highlands or the plains failed to pay the tribute levied on it by those who were in charge of these matters. There were even provinces where, when the natives alleged that they were unable to pay their tribute, the Inca ordered that each inhabitant should be obliged to turn in every four months a large quill full of live lice, which was the Inca's way of teaching and accustoming them to pay tribute.<ref name="StarnKirk2009">{{cite book |first1=Orin |last1=Starn |first2=Carlos Iván |last2=Kirk |first3=Carlos Iván |last3=Degregori |title=The Peru Reader: History, Culture, Politics |url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=YyNo4Nsh_qQC}} |date=2009 |publisher=[[Duke University Press]] |isbn=978-0-8223-8750-3}}</ref></blockquote>

=== First contact ===
'''[[Aleixo Garcia]]''' (died 1525) was a [[Portuguese maritime exploration|Portuguese explorer]] and [[conquistador]] . He was a [[castaway]] who lived in Brazil and explored Paraguay and Bolivia. On a raiding expedition with a [[Guarani people|Guaraní]] army, Garcia and a few colleagues were the first Europeans known to have come into contact with the Inca Empire.

=== Inca Civil War and Spanish conquest ===
{{Main|Inca Civil War|Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire}}
[[File:Capitulo-XXXVIII.jpg|thumb|The first image of the Inca in Europe, [[Pedro Cieza de León]], ''Crónica del Perú'', 1553]]
[[File:Sapa inkakuna.jpg|thumb|[[Capaccona]] or ''Qhapaqkuna'' "the kings", a 17th-century Cusco painting with the Inca lineages mentioned by colonial chronicles and their relationship with the royal queens of Cuzco, which hide behind a complex representation of the Inca social organization.]]

Spanish [[conquistadors]] led by [[Francisco Pizarro]] and his brothers explored south from what is today [[Panama]], reaching Inca territory by 1526.<ref>*{{cite web |author=Juan de Samano |url=http://bloknot.info/juan-de-samanos-relacion-de-los-primeros-descubrimientos-peru-francisco-pizarro-y-diego-de-almagro-1526/ |title=Relacion de los primeros descubrimientos de Francisco Pizarro y Diego de Almagro, 1526 |website=bloknot.info |date=9 October 2009 |access-date=10 October 2009 |archive-date=18 December 2012 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20121218162839/http://bloknot.info/juan-de-samanos-relacion-de-los-primeros-descubrimientos-peru-francisco-pizarro-y-diego-de-almagro-1526/ |url-status=dead}}</ref> It was clear that they had reached a wealthy land with prospects of great treasure, and after another expedition in 1529 Pizarro traveled to Spain and received royal approval to conquer the region and be its [[viceroy]]. This approval was received as detailed in the following quote: "In July 1529 the [[Isabella of Portugal|Queen of Spain]] signed a charter allowing Pizarro to conquer the Incas. Pizarro was named governor and captain of all conquests in Peru, or New Castile, as the Spanish now called the land".<ref>{{Cite book |last=Somervill |first=Barbara |title=Francisco Pizarro: Conqueror of the Incas |publisher=[[Capstone Publishers|Compass Point Books]] |date=2005 |page=52 |url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=j-FusDo4ssoC}} |isbn=978-0-7565-1061-9}}</ref>

When the conquistadors returned to Peru in 1532, a [[Inca Civil War|war of succession]] between the sons of [[Sapa Inca]] Huayna Capac, [[Huáscar]] and [[Atahualpa]], and unrest among newly conquered territories weakened the empire. Perhaps more importantly, [[smallpox]], [[influenza]], [[typhus]] and [[measles]] had spread from Central America. The first epidemic of European disease in the Inca Empire was probably in the 1520s, killing Huayna Capac, his designated heir [[Ninan Cuyochi]], and an unknown, probably large, number of other Inca subjects.<ref name="D'Altroy">{{cite book |last1=D'Altroy |first1=Terence N. |title=The Incas |date=2003 |publisher=[[Wiley-Blackwell|Blackwell Publishing]] |isbn=9780631176770 |page=76}}</ref>

The forces led by Pizarro consisted of 168 men, along with one [[cannon]] and 27 [[horse]]s. The conquistadors were armed with [[lance]]s, [[arquebus]]es, [[Plate armour|steel armor]] and [[Rapier|long swords]]. In contrast, the Inca used weapons made out of wood, stone, copper and bronze, while using an [[Alpaca fiber]] based armor, putting them at significant technological disadvantage – none of their weapons could pierce the Spanish steel armor. In addition, due to the absence of horses in Peru, the Inca did not develop tactics to fight cavalry. However, the Inca were still effective warriors, being able to successfully [[Battle of the Maule|fight]] the [[Mapuche]], who later would [[Arauco War|strategically defeat]] and [[Destruction of the Seven Cities|reverse Spanish colonisation]] in [[Zona Sur|southern Chile]].

The first engagement between the Inca and the Spanish was the [[Battle of Puná]], near present-day [[Guayaquil]], Ecuador, on the Pacific Coast; Pizarro then founded the city of [[Piura]] in July 1532. [[Hernando de Soto (explorer)|Hernando de Soto]] was sent inland to explore the interior and returned with an invitation to meet the Inca, Atahualpa, who had defeated his brother in the civil war and was resting at [[Cajamarca]] with his army of 80,000 troops, that were at the moment armed only with hunting tools (knives and lassos for hunting llamas).

Pizarro and some of his men, most notably a friar named [[Vincente de Valverde]], met with the Inca, who had brought only a small retinue. The Inca offered them ceremonial [[chicha]] in a golden cup, which the Spanish rejected. The Spanish interpreter, Friar Vincente, read the "[[Requerimiento]]" that demanded that he and his empire accept the rule of King [[Charles I of Spain]] and convert to Christianity. Atahualpa dismissed the message and asked them to leave. After this, the Spanish began their [[Battle of Cajamarca|attack]] against the mostly unarmed Inca, captured Atahualpa as hostage, and forced the Inca to collaborate.

Atahualpa offered the Spaniards enough gold to fill the [[The Ransom Room|room he was imprisoned in]] and twice that amount of silver. The Inca fulfilled this ransom, but Pizarro deceived them, refusing to release the Inca afterwards. During Atahualpa's imprisonment, Huascar was assassinated elsewhere. The Spaniards maintained that this was at Atahualpa's orders; this was used as one of the charges against Atahualpa when the Spaniards finally executed him in August 1533.{{sfn|McEwan|2008|p=79}}

Although "defeat" often implies an unwanted loss in battle, many of the diverse ethnic groups ruled by the Inca "welcomed the Spanish invaders as liberators and willingly settled down with them to share rule of Andean farmers and miners".<ref>{{Cite book |title=Technology, Disease, and Colonial Conquest |publisher=[[Brill Publishers]] |date=2003 |editor-last=Raudzens |editor-first=George |page=xiv}}</ref> Many regional leaders, known as [[kuraka]]s, continued to serve the Spanish overlords, called [[Encomiendas in Peru|encomenderos]], as they had served the Inca overlords. Other than efforts to spread the religion of [[Christianity]], the Spanish benefited from and made little effort to change the society and culture of the former Inca Empire until the rule of [[Francisco de Toledo]] as [[viceroy]] from 1569 to 1581.<ref>Mumford, Jeremy Ravi (2012), ''Vertical Empire,'' [[Duke University Press]], Durham, pages 19–30, 56–57, ISBN 9780822353102.</ref>

=== End of the Inca Empire ===
{{Main|Neo-Inca State|Criollo people#Spanish colonial caste system{{!}}Society in the Spanish Colonial Americas}}
[[File:Luis Montero - The Funerals of Inca Atahualpa - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|Atahualpa, the last [[Sapa Inca]] of the empire, was executed by the Spanish on 29 August 1533. [[Los funerales de Atahualpa|Painting]] by [[Luis Montero Cáceres|Luis Montero]].]]
[[File:Cusco - Qoricancha - panoramio (1).jpg|thumb|Facade of the [[Convent of Santo Domingo, Cusco|Convent of Santo Domingo]] in [[Cusco]], built on the base of the [[Coricancha]]]]

The Spanish installed Atahualpa's brother [[Manco Inca Yupanqui]] in power; for some time Manco cooperated with the Spanish while they fought to put down resistance in the north. Meanwhile, an associate of Pizarro, [[Diego de Almagro]], attempted to claim Cusco. Manco tried to use this intra-Spanish feud to his advantage, recapturing Cusco in 1536, but the Spanish retook the city afterwards. Manco Inca then retreated to the mountains of [[Vilcabamba, Peru|Vilcabamba]] and established the small [[Neo-Inca State]], where he and his successors ruled for another 36 years, sometimes raiding the Spanish or inciting revolts against them. In 1572 the last Inca stronghold was conquered and the last ruler, [[Túpac Amaru|Topa Amaru]], Manco's son, was captured and executed.{{sfn|McEwan|2008|p=31}} This ended resistance to the Spanish conquest under the political authority of the Inca state.

After the fall of the Inca Empire many aspects of Inca culture were systematically destroyed, including their sophisticated farming system, known as the [[vertical archipelago]] model of agriculture.{{sfn|Sanderson|1992|p=76}} Spanish colonial officials used the Inca [[Mita (Inca)|mita]] [[corvée]] labor system for colonial aims, sometimes brutally. One member of each family was forced to work in the gold and silver mines, the foremost of which was the titanic silver mine at [[Potosí]]. When a family member died, which would usually happen within a year or two, the family was required to send a replacement.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Wiedner |first=Donald L. |date=April 1960 |title=Forced Labor in Colonial Peru |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/americas/article/abs/forced-labor-in-colonial-peru/5CD045C2F4DE84F1815BC31EDCB62521 |journal=The Americas |language=en |volume=16 |issue=4 |pages=357–383 |doi=10.2307/978993 |jstor=978993 |s2cid=147198034 |issn=0003-1615}}</ref>

Although [[smallpox]] is usually presumed to have spread through the Empire before the arrival of the Spaniards, the devastation is also consistent with other theories.<ref>{{Cite book |title=El Niño, Catastrophism, and Culture Change in Ancient America |first1=Daniel H. |last1=Sandweiss |first2=Jeffrey |last2=Quilter |url=https://www.hup.harvard.edu/catalog.php? |access-date=7 August 2022 |series=Dumbarton Oaks Other Titles in Pre-Columbian Studies |date=31 January 2009 |publisher=[[Harvard University Press]] |isbn=9780884023531 |language=en}}</ref> Beginning in Colombia, smallpox spread rapidly before the Spanish invaders first arrived in the empire. The spread was probably aided by the efficient Inca road system. Smallpox was only the first epidemic.<ref>[http://muweb.millersville.edu/~columbus/papers/orlow-e.html Millersville University ''Silent Killers of the New World''] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061103220859/http://muweb.millersville.edu/~columbus/papers/orlow-e.html |date=3 November 2006}}</ref> Other diseases, including a probable [[typhus]] outbreak in 1546, [[influenza]] and [[smallpox]] together in 1558, smallpox again in 1589, [[diphtheria]] in 1614, and [[measles]] in 1618, all ravaged the Inca people.

There would be periodic attempts by indigenous leaders to expel the Spanish colonists and re-create the Inca Empire until the late 18th century. See [[Juan Santos Atahualpa]] and [[Túpac Amaru II]].