Editing Immaculate Conception (section)

===Anne, mother of Mary, and original sin===
{{Main|Original sin}}
[[Saint Anne|Anne]], the mother of Mary, first appears in the 2nd-century [[apocrypha]]l [[Gospel of James]]. The author of the gospel borrowed from Greek tales of the childhood of heroes. For Jesus' grandmother the author drew on the more benign biblical story of Hannah—hence Anna—who conceived Samuel in her old age, thus reprising the miraculous birth of Jesus with a merely remarkable one for his mother.{{sfn|Nixon|2004|p=11}} Anne and her husband, [[Joachim]], are infertile, but God hears their prayers and Mary is conceived.{{sfn|Nixon|2004|pp=11–12}} According to [[Stephen J. Shoemaker]], within the Gospel of James, the conception occurs without sexual intercourse between Anne and Joachim, which fits well with the Gospel of James' persistent emphasis on Mary's sacred purity, but the story does not advance the idea of an immaculate conception.{{sfn|Shoemaker|2016|p=57}} The author of the Gospel of James may have based this account of Mary's conception on that of [[John the Baptist]] as recounted in the [[Gospel of Luke]].<ref>{{cite book|url=https://archpitt.org/the-immaculate-conception-the-conception-of-st-anne-when-she-conceived-the-holy-mother-of-god-according-to-the-ruthenian-tradition/|title=The Immaculate Conception: The Conception of St Anne 'When She Conceived the Holy Mother of God' According to the Ruthenian Tradition|series=Byzantine Leaflet Series|publisher=[[Byzantine Catholic Archeparchy of Pittsburgh]]|access-date=6 December 2022}}</ref> The [[Eastern Orthodox Church]] holds that "Mary is conceived by her parents as we are all conceived".<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://ww1.antiochian.org/node/18597 |title=Hopko, Thomas. ''The Winter Pascha'' Chapter 9, Antiochian Orthodox Christian Archdiocese of North America |access-date=May 7, 2022 |archive-date=March 2, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210302142848/http://ww1.antiochian.org/node/18597 |url-status=dead }}</ref>