Editing Il Canto degli Italiani (section)

===Origins===
{{multiple image
| align             = left
| image1            = Induno Domenico Goffredo Mameli.jpg
| width1            = 170
| alt1              = Goffredo Mameli
| image2            = Michele novaro.jpg
| width2            = 152
| alt2              = Michele Novaro
| caption1          = [[Goffredo Mameli]] (1827–1849), lyricist
| caption2          = [[Michele Novaro]] (1818–1885), musical composer
}}
[[File:Prima strofa autografa G Mameli.JPG|thumb|[[Holograph]]ic draft of 1847 by Goffredo Mameli of the first strophe and the refrain of "Il Canto degli Italiani"]]

The text of "Il Canto degli Italiani" was written by the [[Genoa|Genoese]] [[Goffredo Mameli]], then a young student and a fervent patriot, inspired by the [[mass mobilization]]s that would lead to the [[revolutions of 1848]] and the [[First Italian War of Independence]] (1848–1849).<ref name="quirinale">{{cite web |title=L'Inno nazionale |trans-title=The National Hymn |url=http://www.quirinale.it/qrnw/statico/simboli/inno/inno.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160519095549/https://www.quirinale.it/qrnw/statico/simboli/inno/inno.htm |archive-date=2016-05-19 |access-date=17 November 2013 |website=Presidenza Della Republica [Presidency of the Republic] |publisher=Government of Italy}}</ref> Sources differ on the precise date of the text's drafting: according to some scholars, Mameli wrote the hymn 10 September 1847,{{sfn|Caddeo|1915|p=37}} while others date the composition's birth to two days before, 8 September.<ref>''Associazione Nazionale Volontari di Guerra "Canti della Patria"'' ["Patrimonial songs" of the National Association of Veteran Volunteers] in ''Il Decennale – X anniversario della Vittoria, Anno VII dell'era fascista'' [The Decennial: The 10th anniversary of victory, Year 7 of the [[fascist era]]], Vallecchi Editore, [[Firenze]], 1928, p.&nbsp;236.</ref> After discarding all extant music,{{sfn|Maiorino|2002|p=18}} on 10 November 1847{{sfn|Maiorino|2002|p=17}} Goffredo Mameli sent the text to [[Turin]] and the [[Genoa|Genoese]] composer [[Michele Novaro]], who lived at the time with the activist [[Lorenzo Valerio]].{{sfn|Caddeo|1915|p=37}}{{sfn|Maiorino|2002|p=18}}{{sfn|Calabrese|2011|p=126}}

The poem captured Novaro<ref name="Treccani">{{treccani|michele-novaro_(Dizionario-Biografico)|Novaro, Michele|Iovino, Roberto|78: Biographic Dictionary of Italians|2013}}</ref> and he decided to set it to music on 24 November 1847.{{sfn|Caddeo|1915|p=37}} Thirty years later, the patriot and poet [[Anton Giulio Barrili]] recalled Novaro's description of the event thus:<ref name="quirinale" /> 
{{Text and translation|<p>Mi posi al cembalo, coi versi di Goffredo sul leggio, e strimpellavo, assassinavo colle dita convulse quel povero strumento, sempre cogli occhi all'inno, mettendo giù frasi melodiche, l'un sull'altra, ma lungi le mille miglia dall'idea che potessero adattarsi a quelle parole. Mi alzai scontento di me; mi trattenni ancora un po' in casa Valerio, ma sempre con quei versi davanti agli occhi della mente. Vidi che non-c'era rimedio, presi congedo e corsi a casa. Là, senza neppure levarmi il cappello, mi buttai al pianoforte.</p>
<p>Mi tornò alla memoria il motivo strimpellato in casa Valerio: lo scrissi su d'un foglio di carta, il primo che mi venne alle mani: nella mia agitazione rovesciai la lucerna sul cembalo e, per conseguenza, anche sul povero foglio; fu questo l'originale dell'inno Fratelli d'Italia.</p>|<p>I placed myself at the [[harpsichord]], with Goffredo's verses on the lectern, and strummed away, murdering the poor instrument with my shaking hands.  I kept my eyes on the hymn as I set down melodic phrases, one after the other, but felt a thousand miles distant from the idea I could adapt the words. I stood up disgruntled with myself; I stayed a little longer in the Valerio house, but always those verses hung in my mind's eye. I saw that there was no remedy, took leave, and ran home. There, without even taking off my hat, I threw myself at the piano. </p>
<p>The motif strummed in the Valerio house came back to me: I wrote it on a sheet of paper, the first that came to my hands: in my agitation I upset the lamp on the harpsichord and, consequently, also on the poor sheet; this was the origin of the Fratelli d'Italia</p>}}[[File:Fratelli d'Italia elmo di scipio 1915.pdf|thumb|Cover of a 1915 album of patriotic music: the [[Italia turrita|personification of Italy]], wearing [[Scipio Africanus|Scipio's]] helmet and waving the [[flag of Italy|Italian flag]], leads the ''[[Bersaglieri]]'']]Mameli held [[Republicanism|Republican]] and [[Jacobin (politics)|Jacobin]] sympathies{{sfn|Maiorino|2002|p=50}}{{sfn|Ridolfi|2003|p=149}} and supported the [[French Revolution]] credo ''[[liberté, égalité, fraternité]]''.{{sfn|Bassi|2011|p=143}} The text of "Il Canto degli Italiani" drew inspiration from the French national anthem, "[[La Marseillaise]]".{{sfn|Maiorino|2002|p=119}} For example, "{{lang|it|italic=no|Stringiamci a coorte}}" recalls the "La Marseillaise" verse, "{{lang|fr|Formez vos bataillons}}" ("Form your battalions").{{sfn|Ridolfi|2003|p=149}}

In the original version of the hymn, the first line of the first verse read "Hurray Italy", but Mameli changed it to "Fratelli d'Italia" almost certainly at Novaro's suggestion.{{sfn|Calabrese|2011|p=121}} The latter, when he received the manuscript, also added a rebellious "Si!" ("Yes!") at the end of the final refrain.{{sfn|Maiorino|2002|pp=20–21}}{{sfn|Calabrese|2011|p=127}}

Another verse in the first draft was dedicated to Italian women,<ref name="marconi2">{{cite web |title=Mameli, l'inno e il tricolore |url=http://www.radiomarconi.com/marconi/depliant/ |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150501143425/http://www.radiomarconi.com/marconi/depliant/ |archive-date=1 May 2015 |access-date=24 November 2014 |language=it}}</ref> but eliminated by Mameli before the official debut. It read:<ref name="marconi2" />{{sfn|Stramacci|1991|p=57}} "Tessete o fanciulle / bandiere e coccarde / fan l'alme gagliarde / l'invito d'amor. ({{IPA|it|tesˈseːte o fanˈtʃulle], [banˈdjɛːr(e) e kkokˈkarde], [fan ˈlalme ɡaʎˈʎarde], [liɱˈviːto daˈmor}}. English: Weave maidens / [[Flag of Italy|flags]] and [[Cockade of Italy|cockades]]{{refn|group=N|This alludes to the [[flag of Italy]] and to the [[cockade of Italy]], both symbols of the battle for the [[unification of Italy]].}} / they make souls gallant / the invitation of love.)"