Editing Ideology (section)

== History ==
The term "ideology" and the system of ideas associated with it were developed in 1796 by [[Antoine Destutt de Tracy]] (1754-1836), who crystallised his ideas while in prison (November 1793 to October 1794) pending trial during the [[Reign of Terror]] of {{circa | 1793}} to July 1794. While imprisoned he read the works of Locke and [[Étienne Bonnot de Condillac]].<ref>{{cite book|last1= Vincent|first1= Andrew|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=igrwb3rsOOUC&pg=PA1|title= Modern Political Ideologies|date= 2009|publisher= John Wiley & Sons|isbn= 978-1-4443-1105-1|page= 1|language= en|access-date= 7 May 2020|archive-date= 3 August 2020|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20200803163747/https://books.google.com/books?id=igrwb3rsOOUC&pg=PA1|url-status= live}}</ref>

Hoping to form a secure foundation for the [[Human science|moral]] and [[political science]]s, Tracy devised the term for a "science of ideas", basing such upon two things: (1) the [[Sensation and perception psychology|sensations]] that people experience as they interact with the material world; and (2) the ideas that form in their minds due to those sensations. Tracy conceived of ''ideology'' as a [[liberal philosophy]] that would defend [[individual liberty]], [[property]], [[free markets]], and constitutional limits on state [[political power|power]]. He argues that, among these aspects, ideology is the most generic term because the 'science of ideas' also contains the study of their expression and deduction.<ref name="kennedy" /> The [[Fall of Maximilien Robespierre|coup d'état]] that overthrew [[Maximilien Robespierre]] in July 1794 allowed Tracy to pursue his work.<ref name="kennedy">{{cite journal |last= Kennedy |first= Emmet |date= Jul–Sep 1979 |title= "Ideology" from Destutt De Tracy to Marx |journal= Journal of the History of Ideas |volume= 40 |issue= 3 |pages= 353–368 |jstor= 2709242 |doi= 10.2307/2709242 }}</ref>{{request quotation|date=January 2025}} Tracy reacted to the terroristic phase of the revolution (during the Napoleonic regime of 1799 to 1815 as part of the [[Napoleonic Wars]]){{clarify | reason = The [[Reign of Terror]] of 1793 to 1794 preceded the [[Napoleonic Era]] (1799-1815)|date=January 2025}} by trying to work out a [[rational]] system of ideas to oppose the [[irrational]] mob-impulses that had nearly destroyed him.

A subsequent early source for the near-original meaning of ''ideology'' is [[Hippolyte Taine]]'s work on the [[Ancien Régime]], ''Origins of Contemporary France'' ({{langx | fr | Les Origines de la France Contemporaine}}) volume I (1875). He describes ''ideology'' as rather like teaching philosophy via the [[Socratic method]], though without extending the vocabulary beyond what the general reader already possessed, and without the examples from observation that practical science would require. Taine identifies it not just with Tracy but also with his [[milieu]], and includes Condillac as one of its precursors.

[[Napoleon Bonaparte]] (1769-1821) came to view ''ideology'' as a term of abuse, which he often hurled against his liberal foes in Tracy's ''[[Institut national]]''.{{citation needed|date=January 2025}} According to [[Karl Mannheim]]'s historical reconstruction of the shifts in the meaning of ''ideology'', the modern meaning of the word was born when Napoleon used it to describe his opponents as "the ideologues".{{citation needed|date=January 2025}} Tracy's major book, ''The Elements of Ideology'' ({{langx | fr | Élémens d'idéologie}}, published 1804-1815), was soon translated into major European languages.

In the century following Tracy's formulations, the term ''ideology'' moved back and forth between positive and negative connotations. When post-Napoleonic governments adopted a [[reactionary]] stance, the concept influenced the Italian, Spanish and Russian thinkers who had begun to describe themselves as ''liberals'' and who attempted to reignite revolutionary activity in the early 1820s, including the [[Carbonari]] societies in France and Italy and the [[Decembrists in Russia]]. [[Karl Marx]] (1818-1883) adopted Napoleon's negative sense of the term, using it in his writings, in which he once described Tracy as a {{Langx|de|text=fischblütige Bourgeoisdoktrinär|label= none}} (a "fish-blooded bourgeois doctrinaire").<ref>[[Antoine Destutt de Tracy|de Tracy, Antoine Destutt]]. [1801] 1817. ''Les Éléments d'idéologie'', (3rd ed.). p. 4, as cited in [[Karl Mannheim|Mannheim, Karl]]. 1929. "The problem of 'false consciousness.'" In ''Ideologie und Utopie''. 2nd footnote.</ref> The term has since dropped some of its pejorative sting ([[euphemism treadmill]]), and has become a neutral term in the analysis of differing [[political opinions]] and views of [[social group]]s.<ref>[[Terry Eagleton|Eagleton, Terry]] (1991) ''Ideology. An introduction'', Verso, p. 2</ref> While Marx situated the term within [[class struggle]] and domination,<ref>Tucker, Robert C (1978). ''The Marx-Engels Reader'', W. W. Norton & Company, p. 3.</ref><ref>Marx, ''MER'', p. 154</ref> others believed it was a necessary part of [[structural functionalism|institutional functioning]] and [[social cohesion|social integration]].<ref>Susan Silbey, [http://www.credoreference.com/entry/cupsoc/ideology "Ideology"]. {{Webarchive|url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210601042925/https://search.credoreference.com/content/entry/cupsoc/ideology/0 |date= 2021-06-01 }}. ''Cambridge Dictionary of Sociology''.</ref>

In parallel with post-Soviet Russian ideas about the [[mono-ideology|mono-ideologies]] of (for example) [[monotheism]], [[Walter Brueggemann]] (1933- ) has examined "ideological extension" in historical religious/political contexts.<ref>
{{cite book
 |last1                = Brueggemann
 |first1               = Walter
 |author-link1         = Walter Brueggemann
 |editor-last1         = Brueggemann
 |editor-first1        = Walter
 |editor-link1         = Walter Brueggemann
 |editor-last2         = Stroup
 |editor-first2        = George W.
 |editor-link2         = George Stroup
 |date                 = 1 January 1998
 |chapter              = 'Exodus' in the Plural (Amos 9:7)
 |title                = Many Voices, One God: Being Faithful in a Pluralistic World : in Honor of Shirley Guthrie
 |url                  = https://books.google.com/books?id=9I0HRC46744C
 |location             = Louisville, Kentucky
 |publisher            = Westminster John Knox Press
 |pages                = 16, 28
 |isbn                 = 9780664257576
 |access-date          = 6 January 2025
 |quote                = [...] ideological extension of the 'onlyness' of Yahweh to include the 'onlyness' of Israel, which I shall term ''mono-ideology''. [...] As Deuteronomy is a main force for mono-ideology in ancient Judaism, so it is possible to conclude that Calvinism has been a primary force for mono-ideology in modern Christian history because of its insistence upon God's sovereignty, which is very often allied with socioeconomic-political hegemony.
}} 
</ref>